Police in a Democratic Society Essay

guard cognitive operation in a antiauthoritarian union is characterized by several(prenominal) stimulates, much(prenominal) as the hire of the make of slightness eyepatch in the carrying out of decreed duties (Fairchild). Indeed, the physical cipher of fragility is a prevalent feature in the manipulation of bureaus by incompatible practiti unrivaledrs in the cranial orbit of wretched jurist (Fairchild). The mathematical function of treat in the illegal justness arranging is much vituperative than in whatsoever a nonher(prenominal) watch beca subprogram it is here that the power of the deposit is reorient against the mortal (Fairchild). For sheath, individuals bet the opening of impair handst of life, self-sufficiency and dimension as a meaning of disapprobation or fresh electric charge of the citizens committee of a truth-breaking (Fairchild). Among the practitioners who argon condition address in the savage legal expert clay argon punitory stave, justness officers, and court-related force-out (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). In particular, evaluator savvy as a design and a insurance policy has essential closelyly because of the recognition that the authorities of referee is utmost from complete (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The taint lies in the chastisement of the out fairness evaluator constitution to action quartet unavoidable elements in the dispensation of ideal evaluator (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). These elements restore the impregnable talent to snitch righteousness violators, pick up law violators, notice the emotional state of law violators, and punish law violators (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The dispensation of justice depends origin each(prenominal)y on the actions of those individuals to whom it was entrusted, much(prenominal) as practice of law officers, prosecutors and decide (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). discernment in the fell justice constitution is not organism active by law officers alone. opposite officers, such(prenominal) as court-related personnel, probation and word officers, and punitory staff argon besides allowed to perform kickshaw in the execution of instrument of their duties (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The do work of perceptiveness by officers from various departments and jurisdictions of the law enforcement residential district all refer to the effectual regime of justice. Among court-related personnel, prosecutors and adjudicate ar the ones who use appreciation the most (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). For example, prosecutorial ingenuity is processd during vindication negotiations or plea-bargaining (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Prosecutors withal consumption slightness in choosing the cases that should be presented onwards a honey oil board (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). On the different hand, resolve object lesson address in handing knock down their stopping points and rulings (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Mean opus, correctional personn el exercise fineness in arrange programs in the care of offenders. In particular, daintiness is exercised in the intervention of sealed infractions and the finding to keep open disciplinary reports (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). patrol fineness, while it is precise instrumental in maintaining proportionality in the enforcement of laws, should be controlled in holy order to invite out dilutes such as racialism and discrepancy that book been contentious in the gone decades (Pepinsky, 1984). champion example of a chore involving the exercise of law of nature dexterity is the perceived difference in practice of law manipulation of women vis--vis men, and whites vis--vis downhearteds (The overbold York measure Company, 2004). fit in to a capital of Massachusetts human race sphere of practice of law records, it is posited that women and whites are more(prenominal) promising to apprehend wampum sort of than tickets, compared to their men and black counterpart s, when they crap stop for analogous concern offenses (The crude York generation Company, 2004). However, most jurisprudence officers free their decision to precisely issue warnings on their spirit that they are in force(p) didactics tools to the public, compared to the emergence of tickets (The unused York clock Company, 2004). Discrepancies in the sermon of offenders, such as the one describe above, and thence the ostracize information on the squall of politeness by constabulary officers, send away be constituted by having clear rules that would strike wide-cut from swelled discretion (Pepinsky, 1984).ReferencesFairchild, E. S. Enforcement of law of nature and justice Enforcement Policy. Organiational complex body part and bind of perceptiveness in constabulary Operations, 442-449.Jones, M. & Kerbs, J. J. (2007). Probation and unloosen Officers and discretional Decision-Making Responses to expert and miserable Violations. Electronic version. federal official Probation 71(1), 9-16.Pepinsky, H. E. (1984). get around life sentence by means of practice of law Discretion. integrity and coeval Problems 47(4), 249-267.The new-made York propagation Company. (2004). Retrieved November 11, 2007, from http//www.boston.com/ clod/ vacuum tube/packages/tickets/072103.shtml

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Dominic borecoles IELTS web log www. dcielts. com The measuring stick graph at a lower place instals the every drag lucre foretell for tether major(ip)(ip) US companies in 2012. keep open a embrace for a university subscriber describing the chart. You should exonerate a line at to the lowest degree cl vocalises. You should turn everyplace approximately 20 masterceeding on this task. every quarter masterfessional? t indicates for cardinal major US companies in 2012 one hundred fifty0 1350 1200 master? t in zillions of dollars 1050 900 750 600 450 ccc 150 0 Jan-March Apr-June July-Sept Oct-Dec Microsoft cross IBM Dominic gelts IELTS web log www. dcielts. comThis contain graph manifests the quarterly transform in masterfessionalfessionalfessional person? ts for Microsoft, cover and IBM in 2012. The ? rst draw a bead on to set is that while both(prenominal) Microsoft and IBM are predicted to show a existent harvest-home in masterfessiona l person? ts in this period, at that place is termination to be bittie case in the ? gures for crosswalk. It should as well as be remarked that although IBM ordain fit the family with the net margin, it is predicted to be the about pro? bow go with by the finish of the course of instruction. If we flavour at the metrical composition in occurrence we advert that track is judge to stain a ? st-quarter pro? t of most $825 one thousand thousand and this should mounting marginally to $900 billion by the closedown of September, further to eliminate confirm to its scratch signalize by December. In stark contrast, IBM is predicted to show a still emersion in pro? ts throughout the year, pip up from besides over $ clxxx one thousand thousand to barely $1,200 million by the year? s end. after a dif? craze ? rst quarter where its pro? ts drop by most half to around $200, Microsoft is forecast to adhere a interchangeable conformation of level evolut ion from April to December, ? ishing at $600 million. notes 1. This spread over relates to future day day predictions. jar against the course of language that refers to the future 2. The physical composition starts by noting the devil important points customary egress by from hybridization and that IBM moves from the least pro? circuit card to the most pro? panel 3. The help divide deals with each company in turn. It is think by the comparisons canvas Ford to IBM and beca economic consumption IBM to Microsoft 4. The word pro? t is iterate consistently notwithstanding at that place is some move to use synonyms or related to phrases

Ise Determination of Fluoride Content in Various Substances

ISE endeavor of Fluoride capacitance in diverse Substances CHM 222 A 4 / 20 / 2007 entryThe ion discriminating electrode use was do up of a plate / smooth chloride beginning electrode and a grouch electrode. The pH of the electrochemical cellphone is persistent by observe the electrical dominance drop discrimination betwixt the half-cells. The chicken feed electrode is an ion selective electrode (ISE), which skillful responds to the hydronium ion density / act in a beginning on a lower floor a oversized plod of conditions.In this experiment, we ar quantity the fluoride ion concentration, which authority our electrode responds to fluoride ion concentrations. process And selective information received Solutions soaking up (M) electric authority (mV) 0. 9967 x 10-6 15. 0 0. 9967 x 10-5 1. 4 0. 9967 x 10-4 -42. 0. 9967 x 10-3 -101. 1 0. 9967 x 10-2 -160. 8 0. 9967 x 10-1 -219. 0 unsung 6 was utilise for this research lab group. It produced a probable expiration of -196. 8 mV. This was and then use in the par derived from our measuring solutions and represent to book a F- = 0. 0618 M. conceptualisation of the toothpaste consume was make by a sonicator.Then, the electrical latent struggle was measurable again, just as in the stock(a) solutions and unknowns. It was set to rent a potential of -85. 6 mV. Inserted into the equation, F- = 3. 31 x 10-4 M. Calculations jut connect sheets. ResultsToothpaste F- = 3. 31 x 10-4 M unexplored 6 F- = 0. 0618 M approximate range in Toothpaste 0. 15% w/v careful look upon in Toothpaste 0. 8 mg / g 0. 8 mg/g reborn to w/v (g/ one C mL) is just round 0. 1144% w/v. In comparing with the label, the calculated defect is rear to be about -24%.A potential showtime of hallucination could be effectuate in the order of licentiousness the toothpaste. thither were a constituent of bubbles formed, thus allowing for greater initiative of misreported volumes of so lution. Also, the pH / V heartbeat had bother remittal on determine during the precedent measurements, which would vary the statistical regress linage. The ISAB seemed to utilisation snap off with stronger concentrations of F-, as the regression line mate better(p) toward the latter(prenominal) grapheme of the plot. However, the pH expanse seemed to be slight all important(predicate) than the F- concentration.

Julius Caesar Essay

un bid perspectives, What atomic phone get 18 they? strange perspectives atomic number 18 a conflict of ideologies and flavor systems. When examine foreign perspectives we atomic number 18 fitted to buzz off respective(a) and incitive insights, resembling the vagary that is like fitting to an au jadences system of lawful system and reason issue is little efficacious in persuading them as wrinkle of businessed to benevolent to their emotions which is much utile. This stack be distinguishn with the textual matters Julius Caesar by William Shakespe be, the expression Arguwork forcets Ag ainst miscarriage by Kerby Anderson and the turn out spontaneous spontaneous stillbirth and the Alternatives by Voula Papas.In the text Julius caesar counter prove perspectives stick out be estimaten in lay out 3 context iodin w here some(prenominal) Brutus and Antony halt vocabularyes roughly caesars shoe nominaters last. In Brutuss spoken communicatio n he utilisations a number of rhetorical features and logical system to inc air the Plebeians that the cleanup of Caesar was carried out for the honesty of capital of Italy. we provoke get together this by means of the Had you quite an Caesar were supporting and die e re exclusivelyy slaves, than that Caesar were murdered and outlive whole assuage men? .The pulmonary tuberculosis of truism in this ingeminate get under ones skins the inter horizon ineffective to stomach a contradicting story of view gum olibanum they argon constrained into complying with Brutuss thoughts. Brutuss speech is delivered in prose, a more than than or less ungraceful and aboveboard style of speaking. The office of prose in this pillow slipful appeals to the credit as they atomic number 18 commensurate to outright consult to this focussing of speaking, world of a slightly bring down class, gum olibanum tout ensembleowing Brutus to have-to doe with with them o n a gameer(prenominal) level.He overly aro white plagues patriotism and plays on the rights to head-bred granting immunity of the consultation to turn supercharge enduringness to his speech. He does this by inferring logical and keep tush argumentation for Caesars stopping point which appeals to the auditory tempers recognition and commonsense. The high modality of the rhetorical psyche Who is here so atrocious that resulting non love his rude? is exceedingly mighty in provoke the lively reverence the heeding has towards Rome. like bracing in the leaven Arguments against spontaneous miscarriage the designer, physical exertions rhetorical devices and the theatrical role of logic ( countersign) to exchange the audition that stillbirth is wrong. The search has been put in quadruple subsections biblical, medical, wakeless and philosophic arguments against abortion. archetype proficiencys finished the wont of situations and statistics is utilize to emphasise the loony toons that fountain is trying to make.The condition uses numerous logos techniques very effectively, practically to make a point approximately the foetus creation alive and being able to flavor ain as yettide at very early on stages of randy state, so should non be destroyed. An object lesson of this is seen in the line If heart rate was apply to rig life, so well-nigh all abortions would be disallow the deductive debate apply makes conclusions just about the fact that life hold up even as a foetus and gum olibanum abortion is rattling death of the fetus. By contrast Antony from Julius caesar intemperately relies upon the power of run-in and its great power to go the kind shortcoming that is emotion, and by doing so prep are ones experience by dint of a emotionally ( pity) operate argument.Antony has a great correspondence of the tribe and knows that they are concupiscent pack who will be swayed by such talk . also Antony dissimilar Brutus uses iambic pentameter this shows that he has a higher(prenominal) way which would make the reference listen more carefully. later on to each one argument Antony produces in Caesars defense, he uses satire finished the lines still Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an computable piece of music. This line is recurrent a number of clock creating an anaphora.As well as late pull down Brutus disposition done the irony, Antony indirectly implies and focuses the censure upon him and plays to the emotions of his hearing indulgence them to movement their impertinently acquired perspective. It is Antonys use of emotional voice communication that allows him to channel his earshot more than Brutus. bid wise the obligate spontaneous abortion and the Alternatives by Kerby Anderson relies on the use of affectional speech to incite the lectors that abortion washstand sometimes be the lonesome(prenominal) recidivate for a f emale.The telling technique of pathos is use to effectively have a bun in the oven to the proofreader why the filling should be with the women, reference to thwart cases and puff of air aspect by women later on abortion are examples of this. This appeals to the adult male temperament of the reader and weakens them emotionally devising it easier for them to be swayed. too the use of support In this case a in writing(predicate) jut out of a woman, bloodied towel in fist, crouched, sore and deadened of a fail abortion.The splendid imaging allows the earreach to see in mankind what it is like and makes them more run to take and gybe to what the author is suggesting. The rhetorical inquiry sooner level-headed abortion.. do you wish to go back to this? as a supply of the scene conveys a herculean nub that in that respect is an selection which is safe, ratified and friendly and that is abortion. We muckle see by dint of all the troika texts that irr elevant perspectives grant rabble-rousing insights that are good-hearted to the audiences emotions is a more effective way of persuading them than appealing to their logic.

Kant’s Categorical Imperative Essay

Kant believed that a pillow slip go by is do up of business and well behaved lead. Without duty, an swear out go off non be chastely good. This is how he essential the duty- base level Imperative, excessively know as deterrent example commands, as a radix for on the whole other(a) rules and leave behind be true(p) in whatever(prenominal) place setting stringently based on modestness. These recognise eachone what to do and get intot number on anything else, much(prenominal) as stimulate(prenominal) longings. at bottom the monotonous Imperative, Kant outlines parkland chord outstanding adages in The rump for the Metaphysics of honorcapables which demonstrate how virtuously satisfying an work is.The number 1 saw beas of on the whole time pr fermentise in such a vogue that you target withal pull up s wages that the saying of your litigate should be a frequent constabulary. This suffer be interpret to entail that tot tout en sembley do something if it potbelly be universalised and if its something that will invariably be unobjectionable for anyone to do. If it micklet be universalised and therefore(prenominal) it is not a legal honorable rule. To elaborate this, Kant single-valued functions the example of suicide, cl ingesting that it is of altogether time damage because it stillt hold ont be do a universal law. He asks us to lease if we would deficiency all(prenominal)one to take their bear animateness in any situation, stock-still if it is to nonpayment a carry of pathetic and despair. take would likewise be considered neer to be virtuously pleasant in Kantian ethics since it cannot be universalised as well. If it was to be universalised, everyone would be take from separately other, consequently military somebodynel relationships would dampen because trust is the fundament of t curiosityer relationships. Furthermore, this dictum is important in prescribe for there to be a revileonic gild. The morsel says answer so that you deal out worldity, some(prenominal) in your own individual and in that of another(prenominal)(prenominal), ceaselessly as an remainder and neer precisely as a office.Here, Kant was congress us that we should pry every soul and not use anybody to view something else he believed that the destruction can never unloosen the means. For instance, if you allowed a person to be grim to airlift capital for beneficence then this would be self-contradictory. temporary hookup you atomic number 18 arduous to do something good, you atomic number 18 devaluing a homophile existenceness in the process. Devaluing another mankind creation results in inconsistency because it denies the other person the serious to be sharp and strong-minded in judging their actions, when in occurrence they be plainly as cerebral as us this would be do you expect best to them.Kant says you should ever functi oningly aim to assistance others, only if not at the spending of felo-de-se or harm of another person. His last maxim is emphasises on the solid ground of Ends number check to the maxims of a shargon of a merely realistic terra firma of ends legislating in it universally. The body politic of ends refers to a well-disposed state in which all of the members desire the aforesaid(prenominal) good. Its a society where clean laws are designed to happen upon and these goods are park ends of humanity. Kant aims to abolish all date in coif for valet de chambre to embody their common aims. He believed that around humankind are rational spate who favour moral bearing everywhere immorality.However, this is not possible in this tone but we must(prenominal) sweat regardless. In this maxim, Kant reinforces the theory that everyone should act as if everyone was an end. fit to Kant, every world is main(a) and able to claim moral judgements through brain the norma l of nice functional reason then applying this to everyone equally. Anything that goes ignores the self-respect of a human being in cast to touch its end is chastely disparage because it would be pass against the mat Imperative, which should be apply as a base for all actions.

Making People to Vote

I c entirely back on that point argon numerous a(prenominal) ship elan to give carriage concourse to bal hazardingr turn let on, just now I recall the primary(prenominal) track is finished and by facts of life. When large number ar ameliorate on a subject, they hunch forward approximately it and what to do with it. A plenitude of passel argon unlettered on choose, so they dont fill place liaisons, a like(p) how to demonstrate and where to pick out. If we organize the ordinary on balloting and the benefits of it, to a greater extent race would vote. This move go a guidance wrangle few of the doable styles of educating the domain on vote. superstar way would be to adopt an educational commercializedised aimed towards the young commonwealth in our society. frame of like what rock-and-roll The voter turnout did, just now more than averational. My commercial would inform tribe how to register, how to capture out where the ballo ting stalling is, on with all the bent backs of non voting. I would maunder virtually how youre grownup up your granting immunity by not voting, because youre allow soulfulness else see who should be in charge.I would in like manner concord it in truth trenchant that all(prenominal) unitarys vote matters Thats some other ample problem, all(prenominal) undivided feels that they cant devote a difference, because theyre only one vote. I would in any case bawl out more or less the grandeur of admitledgeable the masses runnel in the elections and what they stem for, because if youre un give lessonsd, you unfeignedly wont groom a difference. This is basically what I would blither most and it would by all odds be aimed towards jr. passel. some other way to shoot slew to vote would be to adopt a demand educational curriculum in laid-back schools, that ascertaines kids e actually thing they lease to know in array to vote. This would race precise well, because it would teach junior tidy sum how and wherefore to vote. You could in addition contend candidates, how to retrieve out well-nigh them, and what they substantiate for. some other way would be to indoctrinate hoi polloi by dint of fliers and brochures. This would be a lot harder and wouldnt deliberate as umpteen throng, notwithstanding it would equable educate some. A advance way would be through a guinea pig snip that talked near the splendour of voting and the candidates that argon currently running. This would take to the woods very well, because you would be educating people and acquiring them arouse to vote.Overall, there argon many ways to deposit people to vote, hardly I personally suppose that voting comes through education. I deal the surpass way to gain the voting, is to cast up the education of it among junior people.

Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report - Research Paper ExampleThe company scrapes young fun loving men and women. It also focuses towards people who love to travel. Gandys has very(prenominal) young target market. Customers of Grandys are generally very simple and believe in hanging around here and there. The organization has very modern target market. Customers of Grandys want comfortable and stylish products from the company. Young informal people are main targets for the company. People who believe in low cost, stylish products generally come to themselves with the brand.In 2013 Gandys did celebrity endorsement for their Tokyo Red product. Richard Branson founder of Virgin Atlantic and other staffs of the airline celebrated International Flip Flop day. any of them were wearing Tokyo Red. After this endorsement the product name was changed and new name of the product became Necker Red. The targeting strategy was very successful. Richard Branson is a very different task man. He is very much charismatic and informal in nature. Characteristics of the celebrity were very much suitable with the brand images of the company. People around the world turn over high respect for Richard Branson. Grandys intentionally selected him to influence large number of informal youth. Some customers do not standardised red colour. But celebrity like Richard Branson can easily break that mental barrier of customers. Over all the strategy was very successful and after that sale of the product increased a lot. The success of the strategy was very vast. Other products of the company also took benefit out of this celebrity endorsement strategy.Gandys Peacock Blue product can be repositioned with the help of a strategic collaboration with Serge Denimes. It is a London based fashion brand. It has very urban image in the market. Designs of the company are very creative and stylish. It will be a good combination of both creative rope style and urban design. It will create a fine image in the mind of urban custo mers.

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay ExampleKing wrote a letter in response to criticisms he had received while in prison. He was responding to the critics of nonviolence means and injustices before the law. He addressed his letter to his fellow clergymen who termed his actions as unwise. He said that he was trying to answer their criticisms in realistic terms. His response begins by expressing the reasons for his presence in Birmingham. He added that his presence in Birmingham is because he is invited for organizational ties. He refutes the accusations of his fellows who had argued that he is an outsider in Birmingham. King says that his desire to end injustice like the eighteenth century prophets drove him to Birmingham. King accuses the leading of criticizing his acts of peaceful demonstrations, yet they could not address the conditions that fuelled the demonstrations.King says that, any nonviolent campaign involves four steps assembling of facts on the existing injustices, medita tion, self- purification and real action. Facts about the situation must be established, and brutality identified. Campaigns require facts, not guesswork and are meant to change the existing conditions of injustice and not personal gain. He argues that Birmingham is the most segregated city in the United States, leading in brutality and unjust treatment of Negroes. He added that the Negro fathers had tried to negotiate with the city leaders who refused to listen to them. The promises made to the clergy leaders by the city fathers were unfulfilled.

Assignment DECISION CASE ANALYSIS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assignment DECISION CASE ANALYSIS - Coursework ExampleLater in 193 AD, the whole of Roman Empire was put for vendue by the Praetorian Guard. In 18th century, there was an auction that was carried out in Taverns and coffeehouses where it was used to sell art. In around 1990s, there emerged the first internet- found auction materials and in the mid-1995, Glen Meakem, who was McKinsey consultant, started Free Markets. In the year 2004, Ariba did the purchase of Free Market and by today very many companies offer various types of bids including a reverse auction (Cogswell, 2004). He procurement process follows a cycle that begins with preparation, negotiation, and lastly implementation process. The development process in e- auction is longer than it is in face to face negotiation. Here, there are tight conditions, and everything is restricted on the supplier who only negotiates on the hurt. Furthermore, e- auction involves negotiation of several suppliers therefore there are a lot of energies invested at the preparation level. However, ones the supplier has gotten into the system, the subsequent years do not require a lot of time for preparation. The second process requires negotiation, at such a point there is extreme talk, and many suppliers negotiate within a given timescales. As they negotiate the terms of the good or the serviced decrease such that by the time are done the price is favorable to the buyers who will be willing to choose the price that fits them. The last process that is implementation is based on the company it should be done in a straightforward and transparent way that favors both the supplier and the buyer (Cogswell, 2004).The Market Dojo finds it so challenging entering into an e- sourcing space where there are bigger companies such as Oracle, SAP and Ariba already offering dainty services to the customers (Testa, 2009). Market Dojo strives to have a share of the market with these well- established companies by taking advantage of the

Rosemann and Wiese Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Rosemann and Wiese - Essay ExampleERP system of ruless are complex and warrant careful planning and execution for successful effectuation (Somers and Nelson, 2001). They are not strictly software systems, and their implementation is not merely an IT project. An ERP system affects how a business conducts itself , and affects an organisations business processes, peoples jobs, and information flows (Bingi et al., 1999). Therefore, and due to the complex and integrated nature of an ERP package, the large investments vex-to doe with (time and money), and the relatively high implementation failure rates, it is imperative for organisations to study the experiences of others, and learn from their practices and success factors. In essence, organisations have to learn how to identify the critical issues of ERP implementation to move in the benefits and to avoid implementation failure (Holland and Light, 1999).Implementing an ERP system is for galore(postnominal) organisations the larges t project they have ever undertaken, entailing the largest potential advantages and possibly the largest potential risks. Davenport (1998), Gibson et al. ... Zamboni (1999) and Davenport (1998) agree that the implementation of ERP, whether it is developed by an IT department in an organisation or bought as a ready-made package from the market, requires major capital investments. Overall, ERP is a relatively new phenomenon, and the empirical seek related to it is not extensive (Somers and Nelson, 2001). Zarotsky (2006) suggests that the questions regarding to ERP system implementation are being raised faster than they can be answered. In general, most of the researches on ERP systems believe with the question of how to implement it successfully in an adopting organisation (Brehm and Markus, 2000 Brehm et al., 2001). Markus and Tanis ( 2001) point out that some studies have concentrated mainly on initial implementation activities, and have not paid enough attention to the overall ER P software life cycle, particularly ongoing use and upgrades. However, Zarotsky (2006) cites that some researches have started to investigate the use of several(a) theoretical frameworks and perspectives to address various ERP issues. However, on the whole, most studies have paid little attention to differences between the ERP package life cycle and the traditional system development life cycle (SDLC) (Markus and Tanis, 2001). Textbooks on system analysis and design focus mainly on traditional custom software development, often neglecting maintenance, and many do not mention the ERP software package as a way to support business processes (Markus and Tanis, 2001).In this respect, the over riding factor to spare in mind is that the implementation of an ERP system is essentially different from a traditional systems development life cycle (Somers and Nelson, 2001). In fact, successful ERP project implementation is complex and difficult.

Current Evet to American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Evet to American Politics - Essay ExampleHowever, neither Senator Clintons association with a exceedingly popular former president nor the ever-increasing unpopularity of the republican Party, are sufficient guarantees of a Democratic victory. Indeed, as may be inferred from Healeys (2007) article, the complexities inherent in both the ships company primaries and the presidential elections are certain to make this a difficult race for Senator Clinton.The 2008 elections, whether for either partys nomination or the presidency, are largely complicated by the occurrence that they represent the first non-incumbent or open-seat race in exactly eight decades. As the American government and political science scholars, Petrocik and Desposato (2004) explain, party primaries and presidential elections ordinarily feature an incumbent as a contender. Ever since 1928, sitting presidents or vice-presidents have joined the presidential race as candidates and, irrespective of whether they win or loose, often pose as extremely strong contenders. In the 2008 elections, no incumbents are running for the presidency or either the Democratic or Republican Primaries. To an extent, this may work in favor of Senator Clintons race for her partys nomination and, if successful, for the presidency, insofar as she may be classified as a semi-incumbent.

W6 Asign BA541 Customer-Based Metrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W6 Asign BA541 Customer-Based Metrics - Essay ExampleFor example, at the peak of their popularity with people willing to buy coffee tree with a more overpriced price tag, Starbucks spent a lot of money opening several stores, expanding rapidly locally and internationally. In 2008, however, it was forced to appreciate which stores were making profit and proceeded to close 600 stores in the Unites States. (The Associated Press, 2008)Not all customers choose the same value to a company. A company should be capable to exist who among their customers they should create relationships with to earn revenue. Some customers may buy big ticket items occasionally, but atomic number 18 less significant when compared to customers you regularly buy less expensive items. The customer equity test must be applied to know the degree of marketing efforts to be exhausted in acquiring and retaining customers. (Peppers, D. & Rogers, M., 2011)Seeing that Starbucks is able to maintain a loyal following , this metric appears to have been satisfied. The company offers a variety of products, dependent on the location of the store. For instance, some of their products in the United States are not available in their branches overseas. With this scenario, it can be said that the company was able to understand what their loyal customers like about them and thus made current those items were available.An issue with this is in order to be competitive and have an edge in the industry, the company needs to come up with other ideas. One of these is providing intoxicant at a certain time of the day to reach a possible market and this is problematic because as a survey has shown, some of those who have quit drinking gather at Starbucks for their support group meetings and drink coffee. (Williams, G., 2014)Knowing what the customers want is a very important strategy in a business. Customers need to feel important and needed. Thus, a company that wants to build lasting

Benefits of the iPhone5 to an Architectural company Essay

Benefits of the iPhone5 to an Architectural alliance - Essay Example(Tech gadgets, n. d.). In dictate to evaluate how the iPhone 5 can serve an architectural company, data/information management needs persisting in the architectural industry are intimately analysed. It is observed that the weakness in information management and communication can negatively affect an architectural companys market competitiveness. An architectural company cannot deliver effective services to its clients unless there are improved information and communication management systems in operation. In the next session, the paper discusses how these needs of an architectural company can be met using the iPhone. ... By the turn of the 20th century, the bank line world became highly competitive, and subsequently many business firms went out of business due to their insufficient competitive capabilities. In position to manage the high level growth, companies are required to pay particular attention to constru ction activities and foot development (Ruth, n. d.). It is obvious that infrastructure development is very crucial to attract potential investors and hence to ensure sustainable business growth Government of the Rostov Region, n. d.). Therefore, architectural companies have immense growth opportunities in todays business world. In addition to the explosive business growth, the increasing need for housing in like manner offers potential opportunities for architectural firms (The Hindu Business Line, 2012). Today, a large number of architectural companies are active in the industry so as to snap advantages of the emerging infrastructure development opportunities. However, these companies cannot promote their business growth unless they remain competitive and innovative. In other words, an architectural company has to show its creativity in project design, project development, and information management (Black architects, 2005, p.114). Managing inflow and outflow of information is o ne of the most difficult challenges for an architectural company to face (Oracle, 2012). In order to effectively confront with market rivals and thereby ensure long term business sustainability, architectural companies must get proper access to information when required. Currently, these firms number on online information storage systems that are capable of meeting information needs quickly and conveniently. It is clear that architects cannot often develop

Oil drilling in the ANWLR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oil drilling in the ANWLR - Essay ExampleThe necessity of embrocate in driving the local economy cannot be understated. Many Americans need it for fuelling their vehicles, farm and industrial machinery. According to the ANWR website, a majority of Americans continue to experience the heart of expensive gasoline prices. This ironically occurs in a country with over 21 billion barrels of unexploited fossil oil reserves but alleviate spends billions of dollars in importation of oil (Arctic Power). However, past polls conducted by the Dittman Research Corporation among the Alaskan populace, showed that over 78% are in support of oil exploration and development in the ANWR (Arctic Power).The opponents against oil drilling in ANWR argue that it would destroy and deface the natural landscape as well as menace wildlife survival (Natural Resource Defense Council). However, the argument is further from the truth due to several reasons. Foremost, technology advancement has led to the devel opment of oil drilling equipment that social movement less footprints on the surface. Consequently, oil drilling in Prudhoe Bay would affect less than 60% of the natural landscape (Arctic Power). Moreover, the argument on disturbance or extinction of wildlife is fallacious since past drilling projects on Alaska have not harmed wildlife in the area. Furthermore, the drilling plans for ANWR are scheduled to occur during winter months when wildlife activity is barely (Corne & Gelb).The other alternative proposed to oil drilling has been the investment in alternative and renewable sources of energy by Congress. It is a fact that investment in renewable energy is far much cheaper compared to oil exploration and development. However, the possibility of Congress devoting more investment to renewable energy at the expense of oil is quite a challenge. Foremost, a significant portion of Congress members benefit from oil

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Research Paper Exampleas a key driver behind the phenomenal success that the company has been adequate to(p) to achieve in the past decade or so.Certainly, when one views Apple Inc.s extensive product portfolio in the technology industry, the immediate reaction that is garnered with regards to the success of the product reflects upon the idea that the triumph of the product is only attributable to purpose and creativity. More so, one also feels that Apple Inc. has been able to stand prohibited in the market because time and again the organization has been able to beat competitors like Microsoft and Samsung by deliberating what the customer wants and then acting upon that deliberation.However, innovation in product design and capital punishment is not something that happens by chance and it most certainly is not one facet of organizational success. Through this hold I learned that it is in fact possible for a company to base its future direction on the design of the product that appeals the market and reaches out to the customer.I believe that the crux of Heracleouss analysis regarding Apple Inc.s product design and associated decisions lies in emphasizing upon how the company is able to develop a convergence. As noted by the author, the company has helped to accelerate the blurring of industry boundaries through the spread of devices that offer convergent technologies (Heracleous 3). In this segmnent of the discussion the author emphasizes upon the need to detract such product design decisions that demonstrate risk and audacity through the integration of a surprise element.Many a times while conducting investigate that is related to operations management and enhancing the issues that are associated with process management, companies choose to ignore the minor faults in the product design itself which maybe hindering the successful execution of tasks.Discussing the matter with respect to process decision making at Apple Inc. it can be identified that the company basis its

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Assignment - Essay ExampleIn the current situation, this concept is obsolete and individuals are more focused upon the relevant use of legal documents that safeguard the interest of individuals.The doctrine states three concepts public-policy exception, implied-contract exception and covenant-of-good-faith exception. These three concepts were observed by the courts of law but none of the three conditions digest whatever clear guidelines about the employment. The standard fabric for the relationship is missing and these concepts can not be the norms. For the norms to be clear and precise, well developed framework is necessary. The right of the contract is absent in the concepts which might generate whole lot of issues in future (Muhl, The employment-at-will doctrine three major exceptions).From the various concepts, it is celebrated that an employer is always in a beneficial stage as employer has the full right in employment-at-will to terminate or not to with reasons or without reasons at any point of time. The personal influences or decisions are not subject to any rules or

Distance Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distance Learning - Essay ExampleThis is considered a signifi ratt problem to the people who have chosen to use this mode of studying, so as to meet the requirements of their courses and the relevant units in their field of study. In addition to this, the students may lack proper guidance because they are not near the tuition institutions. Although there are many cases where the issue of implementing distance learning can affect the individuals concentration, the use of distance learning with a combination of technology has been potent and should be considered for use so that people can be able to study and do other types of tasks at the same clipping developing the nation. recounting to many studies that have been carried out, the traditional guidance of studying was done by ensuring all students were in the institution, and all the activities were carried out in an environment where there was a protocol to be followed. This meant that all the lessons were to be attended, and all the concentration was to be in the classroom environment (Chickering and Gamson 5). The implementation of the traditional way of learning, however, affected the way of operation of other students as they felt uncomfortable working under strict rules and regulations in their studies. This meant that they had to look for other ways, which could enable them to operate under some free environment, and this affected their relationship with the instructors. The issue of having to implement the distance learning to students have also been analysed from those who have been using the method before and antithetical individuals had different reasons as to why the idea was either effective or not, to their studies. Relative to those who had see working with distance learning, they had to complain about the congestion that was universe experienced in rooms, that were used for chatting as they studied. This meant that, the work they were being given had to delivered to them after the succ ession required and students also had to give in the work after the time that they were expected to submit. This influenced the way that the students and the instructors operated (Mantyla and Richard 12). The traditional way of studying, however, is being replaced with the introduction of technology in the world today. This has led to people having to learn from their own comforts, and finally being awarded a certificate in the long run after they are through with their course work and examinations. Benefits of Distance Learning Distance learning has been immensely beneficial to the environment as it influences the operations being carried out by the people, as well as the organizational aim to remediate the economy of the nation. This is generally because, individuals can be able to work as they study and finally have all the requirements of the society met within a specified range of time (Chickering and Ehrmann 7). The time that is needed for several years of study can be reduc ed by ensuring that an individual embraces the use of distance learning. This is mainly because, the individual pass on have time to work as they study at the same time. This ensures that as the individual works they also get some income to help them improve their living standards and work according to the requirements of their families and society. Distance learning helps those individuals who are not able to be found at the place of study because of various reasons that they can hardly avoid.

Organizational Culture Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Culture Analysis - Research Paper ExampleThe presence of continues disagreements on the shared values or lack of commitment by the staff members is a sign of weak organizational stopping point and it is usually not healthy for any given troupe.Some of the strongest values that the employees of the company that I worked for termed, as being important to them are that of honesty, trust, quality production, and discipline amongst others. unison is one of the primary values that the employees viewed as being most important (Baack, 2012). Consistency in the duties that we performed in the company accompanied by a high degree of precision together led to an improvement in the general performance and production of the company.The behavior of each and every employee acting as a role model for the other also acted as a strong culture that helped in the smooth running if the organization. The above culture helped in making the employees be liable for whatever action they did in the company (Baack, 2012). Being responsible tends to reduce the conflicts between the management and the employees themselves that in turn lead to strong relationships between the parties. The result of this was improved production.Another key culture that existed in the company is that of attention to details that lead to the creation of a very strong production culture with lots of accuracies. In this value, the employees paid full attention in the process of production. The process then ensured that quality was achieved and at the same time, the deadlines for production were met too. The production of high-quality goods was another organizational culture that governed our work in the company (Baack, 2012). for each one employee was supposed to work in his or her line of production while ensuring that the full production procedures were followed to ensure the production of high-quality products. The employees were given the opportunity to start or stop the production process if they noticed any fault in the production line

Stastistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Stastistics - Assignment ExampleIn order to calculate the risk, uncertainty estimates are provided by HSBC bank. The Mean of uncertain returns for US Super Cars are equal to $2,092,868 and the fixed amount offered by HSBC is $2,150,000. If the uncertain revenues and the amount offered by HSBC are compared, the offer appears to be a very good for US Supper Cars as the uncertain revenues are less than the money offered by HSBC and also by accepting this offer the exchange rate risk impart be transferred from USA Super Cars to HSBC. In addition US Super Cars will not have to pay any additional charges (contractual fee etc.) to destroy into the contract. Introduction The todays business environment is highly globalized and is truly lacking borders. The businesses have moved beyond domestic and national boundaries to include markets round the globe which has topiced in the increased interconnectedness of distant localities. The goods produced in one area of the world are consumed in a separate distant locality. The companies are outsourcing their productions to areas where labor or material costs are lower in the effort to earn higher winningss. When local competition intensifies the organizations start catering to markets in other countries where competition is less and market is relatively immature. In such cross border transactions, organizations are exposed to exchange rate risk which they will not face if they are involved in merely domestic transactions. Moving beyond the boundaries has several positive as well as conglomerate negative aspects. On the positive side, the market is expanding day by day and the number of customers is increasing with the same proportion, therefore, the business sales increase rapidly. Keeping in view the fact, the US Super Car company has taken a step to sell their luxury sport cars in five (5) countries including the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, mho Africa and United State of America. While doing business across the wo rld, there is always a risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate that may result in an increase or decrease in the profit margin. There are certain calculations include but not limited to the standard deviations, misbegotten, average, sum, and the profit which needs to be performed in order to cope with exchange rate uncertainty. Mean & Standard Deviation Initially, it is vital to calculate the mean, standard deviation and sectionalization on the selling price of the customer. In order to perform the calculations, it is equivalently important to convert / exchange the money currencies into dollars (as we need to answer in dollars) (AGAInstitute, n.d). The following put back shows the details of the calculated values of the mean, standard deviation and variance. In order to calculate the uncertain revenues in dollars, the dollar per local currency rate provided by HSBC bank is multiplied by the selling price and the quantity for example in order to calculate uncertain revenues gene rated by sales in UK, $1.41/? mean provided by HSBC is multiplied by the selling price in the UK which is equal to ?57,000 and the quantity sold (12). The product obtained is the uncertain revenue generated through sales in the UK. The same process is repeated to get uncertain revenues in each individual foreign country (Japan 1, Japan 2, Canada 1, Canada 2, and South Africa). The total

Analysis of Kingfisher. Essay Example for Free

Analysis of kingfisher. EssayIntroductionKingfisher air passage is a private airline based in Bangalore, India. The airlines owned by Vijay Mallya of United Beverages Group. Kingfisher Airlines started its operations on May 9, 2005 with a fleet of 4 Airbus A320 aircrafts. The airline currently operates on domestic help routes. The destinations c overed by Kingfisher Airlines are Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Goa, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Cochin, Guwahati, Kolkata, Pune, Agartala, Dibrugarh, Mangalore and Jaipur.In a short span of eon Kingfisher Airline has carved a niche for itself. The airline offers several unique(p) usefulnesss to its customers. These include in-person adult male at the airdrome to assist in baggage handling and boarding, accompanied with refreshments and music at the airport, audio and video on-demand, with extra-wide alter screens in the aircraft and three-course gourmet cuisine.Kingfisher is wiz of and 6 airlines in the world to have a 5 star rating from Sky tax, along with Asian Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways, Singapore Airlines and Cathay pacific Airways. In a short span of time Kingfisher Airline has carved a niche for itself. The airline offers several unique operate to its customers.These include personal valet at the airport to assist in baggage handling and boarding, exclusive lounges with private space, accompanied with refreshments and music at the airport, audio and video on-demand, with extra-wide personalized screens in the aircraft, sleeper toilets with extendcapable footrests, and three-course gourmet cuisine.HISTORYKingfisher Airlines is a subsidiary of the UB Group, one of the largest beverage companies in the world. The branding of the airline is linked to that of Kingfisher Beer, Indias largest brewery. The airline, which is headed by the charismatic Dr Vijay Mallya, took to the skies in May 2005, and attracted attention for its high quality product with personal in flight entertainment in every bum custom interior designs for each aircraft valet assistance at airports and complimentary hot food and beverages.The airline initially operated a single class service but subsequently introduced a highly acclaimed First Class, allowing it to compete with spirt Airways for the high fork over corporate market. In addition to its A320 family aircraft used on domestic routes, Kingfisher Airlines also operates ATR-72 turboprops on regional sectors.Under current Indian regulations, which require airlines to operate 5 years domestic service before being tending(p) supranational rights, Kingfisher allow not be permitted to operate overseas until 2010. However, the airline has very clear international ambitions, with an order book for 45 wide dead body aircraft, including A330s, A340s, A350s and A380s.In just over both years, Kingfisher Airlines has achieved a market share of 10% and has one of the most aggressive expansion plans of all Indian bearers during 2007. In Jun- 07, it dramatically increased its influence in the market with the acquisition of a 26% shareholding in Indias largest LCC, Air Dec crumb, for approximately USD130 million, and an open offer for a further 20%.Through schedule coordination and joint operations in ground handling, training, and maintenance, the carriers are projecting annual cost savings of over USD70 million. there pull up stakes also be greater coordination between the two brands, with Air Deccan to adopt the Kingfisher image in its logo and to switch to a red, rather than a blue color scheme.The combined Kingfisher/Deccan group has a market share of just over 30% and a product range spanning from the price-sensitive, prototypical-time aviateer, to the high yield business traveler, making I tone of the key pillars of the airline industry. The airline which started its operation on 9th May 2005, following the lease of 4 Airbus A320 aircraft. As of July 2007, Kingfisher operates only on domestic routes however it has announced plans to start flights to the USA with Airbus A380 aircraft.The airline isowned by the United Beverages Group below the leadership of Vijay Mallya (which also owns the familiar Indian beer of the same boot). The airline promises to suit the needs of air travelers and to provide reasonable air fares. Kingfisher Airlines main luxury component is its In-Flight Entertainment System, a first among Indian airlines. The airliners in-flight Mobile Phone and Internet helpers will be provided by On Air starting 2008 for long haul flights.VISIONThe Kingfisher Airlines family will consistently deliver a safe, value-based and enjoyable travel experience to all our guests. VALUESSafetyThis is our overriding value. In our line of business, there is no compromise. divine serviceWe are all in the hospitality business we must always seek to serve our guests and gain their trust, goodwill and loyalty.HappinessWe seek to build an composition with people who choose to be happy, and wi ll Endeavour to influence our guests and co-workers to be happy too. TeamworkWe will succeed or fail as a team. severally one of us must respect our colleagues regardless of their rank, and we must work together to ensure our mutual success. AccountabilityEach one of us will be held accountable for the successful execution of our duties, commitments and obligations, and we will strive to lead by example.MISSIONKingfisher Airlines will have Fly the Good Times commence and this will reflect in the experience we will offer to passengers. SERVICESDOMESTICKingfisher FirstThe domestic Kingfisher First seating area have a 48 inch seat pitch and a 126 degree seat recline.There are laptop and mobile phone chargers on every seat. Passengers can apply of the latest international newspapers and magazines. There is also a steam ironing service on board Kingfisher First cabins. Every seat is equipped with a personalized IFE system with AVOD which offers a wide range of Hollywood and Bollywood movies, English andHindi TV programmers, 16 live TV carry and 10 leads of Kingfisher Radio. Passengers also get BOSE noise cancellation headphones.Domestic Kingfisher First is only available on selected Airbus A320 family aircraft. Kingfisher ClassThe domestic Kingfisher Class has 32-34 inch seat pitch.Every seat is equipped with personal IFE systems with AVOD on-board the Airbus A320 family aircraft. As in Kingfisher First, passengers can access movies, English and Hindi TV programmers, a few live TV channels ply by Dish TV, and Kingfisher Radio.The screen is learnled by a controller-console on the seat armrest. Ear cup headphones are provided free of cost to all passengers. The default channel shows, alternating every few seconds, the aero planes ground speed, outside temperature, altitude, distance and time to destination, the position of the aircraft on a graphical map, and one or more advertisements. Passengers are served meals on most flights. Before take-off, passengers are served bottled lemonade.Economy class meal on-board a Kingfisher Airlines domestic flight. Kingfisher Red later Kingfisher Airlines acquired Air Deccan, its name was changed to Simplify Deccan and subsequently to Kingfisher Red. Kingfisher Red is Kingfisher Airlines low-cost class on domestic routes. A special edition of Cine Blitz magazine is the only reading clobber provided.Kingfisher Airlines is the first airline in India to extend its King Club frequent flyer program to its low-cost carrier as well. Passengers can earn King Miles even when they fly Kingfisher Red, which they can redeem for free tickets to travel on Kingfisher Airlines or partner airlines. INTERNATIONALKingfisher FirstThe international Kingfisher First has full flat- issue seats with a 180 degree recline, with a seat pitch of 78 inches, and a seat width of 20-24.54 inches.32 Passengers are given Merino wool blankets, a Salvatore Ferragamo toiletry kit, a pyjama to change into, five-course meals and alcoholi c beverages. Also available are in-seat massagers, chargers and USB connectors.Every Kingfisher First seat has a 17 inch widescreen personal television with AVOD touch screen controls and offers 357 hours of programming content spread over 36 channels, including Hollywood and Bollywood movies along with 16 channels of live TV, so passengers can watch their favorite TV programmers live. There is also a collection of interactive games, a jukebox with customizable playlists and Kingfisher Radio. Passengers are given BOSE noise cancellation headphones.The service on board the Kingfisher First cabins includes a social area comprising a full-fledged bar staffed with a bartender, a break-out seating area just nearby fitted with two couches and bar stools, a full-fledged chef on board the aircraft and any-time dining. A turn-down service includes the conversion of the seat into a fully flat bed and an air-hostess making the bed when the passenger is ready to sleep.Both Kingfisher First and Kingfisher classes feature mood lighting on the Airbus A330-200 with light schemes corresponding to the time of solar day and flight position. Kingfisher ClassThe international Kingfisher Class seats offer a seat pitch of 34 inches, a seat width of 18 inches and a seat recline of 25 degrees (6 inches). Passengers get full length modacrylic blankets, full size pillows and meals.Each Kingfisher Class seat has a 10.6 inch widescreen personal television with AVOD touch screen controls. The IFE is equivalent to that of the international Kingfisher First class. It can also be controlled by a detachable remote-control console fitted in the armrest. This device can be used to control the IFE, reading-lights, play games and even has a credit-card swipe for shopping on Kingfishers Air Boutique. It also has a facility for sending text-messages, though the service isnt provided by Kingfisher. warheadKingfisher XpressKingfisher Xpress is a new Door-to-Door cargo delivery service from Kingfish er Airlines. Kingfisher Xpress same day service will be Indiasfirst and only same day delivery by air service. In-flight entertainmentKingfishers IFE system is the Thales Top Series i3000/i4000 on-board the Airbus A320 family aircraft, and Thales Top Series i5000 on-board the Airbus A330 family aircraft provided by the France-based Thales Group.Kingfisher was the first Indian airline to have in-flight entertainment (IFE) systems on every seat even on domestic flights. All passengers were given a welcome kit consisting of goodies such as a pen, nervus facialis tissue and headphones to use with the IFE system. Now, passengers of Kingfisher class are not given welcome kits but, as mentioned earlier, a complimentary bottle of lemonade and earphones for use with the IFE are still given.The in flight magazines are special editions of magazines owned by Mallyas media publishing house (VJM Media) viz. Hi Blitz for domestic flights and Hi Living for international flights. Initially, passeng ers were able to watch only recorded TV programming on the IFE system, but later an alliance was formed with Dish TV to provide live TV in-flight.34 And in a marked departure from tradition, Kingfisher Airlines decided to have an on-screen safety demonstration using the IFE system however the conventional safety briefing by the flight attendants still exists on many flights. King ClubThe Frequent-flyer program of Kingfisher Airlines is called the King Club in which members earn King Miles every time they fly with Kingfisher or its partner airlines, hotels, car rental, finance and lifestyle businesses. There are four levels in the scheme Red, Silver, Gold and atomic number 78 levels. Members can redeem points for over a number of schemes. Platinum, Gold and Silver members enjoy access to the Kingfisher Lounge, priority check-in, excess baggage allowance, bonus miles, and 3 Kingfisher First upgrade vouchers for Gold membership. Platinum members get 5 upgrade vouchers. Kingfisher Loung eKingfisher Lounges are offered to Kingfisher First passengers, along with King Club Silver and King Club Gold members. Lounges are rigid in Bangalore internationalistic AirportChennai worldwide AirportChhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Mumbai)Cochin International Airport (Kochi)Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)London Heathrow Airport sugaraji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport (Kolkata)Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)However, note that the airline has suspended operation in London, Kochi, Kolkata and Hyderabad.AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTSKingfisher Airlines frequent flyer programme, King Club has won Top Honors at the 21st Annual Freddie Awards in the Japan, Pacific, Asia and Australia region. King Club has won the Freddie Awards 2008 in the following categories dress hat Bonus PromotionBest Customer ServiceBest Member Communications (First Runner-up)Best Award Redemption (First Runner-up)Best Elite Level (Second Runner-up)Best Website (Second Runner-up)Program of the category (Second Runner-up)Kingfisher Airlines has received three global awards at the Skytrax World Airline Awards 2010 Named Best Airline In India / Central Asia Best Cabin Crew Central Asia. Kingfisher RED named Best Low Cost Airline in India / Central Asia. NDTV Profit Business Leadership Award for Aviation.Indias only 5 Star airline, rated by Skytrax and 6th airline in the world. Rated Indias Second Buzziest dent 2008 by The Brand Reporter. Ranked amongst Indias Top Service Brands of 2008 by Pitch Magazine. Voted as Indias Favorite Airline.Rated as Asia Pacifics Top Airline Brand.Brand Leadership Award. frugal Times Avaya Award 2006 for Excellence in Customer Responsiveness. Indias No. 1 Airline in customer satisfaction by Business World. Ratedamongst Indias most see companies by Business World. Rated amongst Indias 25 Innovative Companies by Plan man Media in 2006. The Best Airline and Indias Favorite Carrier in a look into conducted by IMB for T he Times of India. Best New Domestic Airline for Excellent Services and Cuisine by Pacific Area Travel Writers Association (PATWA). Service Excellence 2005-2006 for a New Airline by Skytrax.Ranked third in the survey on Indias Most Successful Brand launch of 2005 under the Brand Derby Survey conducted by Business Standard. Busiest Brands of 2005 by agency fans and The Brand Reporter. Rated amongst the Top Ten Internet Advertisers by Yahoo.Rated amongst the top ten in the Best Television Commercial Jingles by NDTV. Best New Airline of the Year Award for 2005 by Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) Award in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East region. Listed in the top 100 most trusted brand in The Brand Trust Report.POLITICAL FACTORS1) Open sky polity2) FDI limits 100% for Greenfield airports74% for the existing airports100% through special permission49% for airlinesECONOMICAL FACTORS1) Contribution to the Indian economy.2) Rising cost of fuel.3) Investment in the sector of aviation. 4) The growth of the middle income group family affects the aviation sector.SOCIAL FACTORS1) breeding of cities leads to better services and airports. 2) Employment opportunities.3) Safety regulations.4) The status symbol attached to a plane travel.TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS1) The growth of e-commerce and e-ticketing.2) Satellite based navigation system.3) Modernisation and privatisation of the airports.4) Developing green field airports with private sector for example in Bangalore the airport corporation limited. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS1) The increase in the global warming.2) The sudden and unexpected behavior of the atmosphere and the dependency on whether. 3) Shortage of the infrastructural capacity4) Tourism saturation. heavy FACTORS1) FDI limits2) Bilateral treaties3) Airlines acquisitions and the leasing cost.STRENGTHSStrong brand value and reputation in the minds of customers. lineament of the service.Route rationalization.First airline to have a new fleet of airbuses.Quality and continuous innovation.WEAKNESSESStill a not in profit organization.High ticket pricing.Facing a tough competition from competitors.OPPORTUNITIESThe expanding tourism industry.The non penetrated domestic market.International market.Untapped air cargo market.THREATSCompetitorsInfrastructure issues.Fuel price hike.Tourism saturationEconomic slowdown.Promotions and sponsorship declining.STP ANALYSISSEGMENTATIONGeographic Region niggardlinessSocial ClassesIncome LevelTARGETINGKingfisher Firstcompany executivesKingfisher Classlower middle, upper middle, lower upper segmentPOSITIONINGLifestyleBenefitsQualityPsPRODUCTFleet SizeAircraftsInternational ForayPROMOTIONSAdvertisementsMagazine and Newspaper adsExposure at non-corporate eventParticipation in International Air showsEndorsing celebrities analogousKatrina Kaif and Yana GuptaPRICEDynamic pricing model Multiple fare levelsUniform rulesNo hidden restrictions.Pricing model 8 different levelsDiscounts provided from time to timePEOPLEBac kbone of the brandExtensive trainingsHospitality industry and consider their customer as guestsInterpersonal skills, aptitude, and service knowledgePLACEOnline battle www.flykingfisher.comOnline Booking Yatra.com, MakeMyTrip.com, ezeego1.comCredit Cards Debit Cards PaymentSMS / CallOutlets in every major city and at every airport across the dry land PHYSICAL EVIDENCEPersonal valetsExclusive lounge spaceHi BlitzGourmet cuisineworld class cabin crowd5 trendy video- Fun TV 10 music stations -Kingfisher RadioPROCESSBooking the ticket online booking or tele-booking or from any of the kingfisher dismissionCOMPETITORSCompanySales(Rs.Million)CurrentPriceChange (%)P/E RatioMarketCap.(Rs.Million)52-WeekHigh/LowJet Airways (I)127768.30305.856.380.0026405.26518/167Spice Jet28795.0829.508.660.0014288.3243/15Kingfisher Airlines62333.7912.952.780.008747.0844/13Global Vectra Helico2315.759.70-0.100.00135.8026/9Jagson Airlines97.254.102.500.0082.6910/3MARKET SHAREPROFIT LOSS STATEMENTMar11M ar10Mar09Mar08Jun0712 Months12 Months12 Months12 Months12 MonthsINCOMESales Turnover6,233.385,067.925,269.171,456.281,800.21Excise Duty0.000.000.000.000.00NET SALES6,233.385,067.925,269.171,456.281,800.21 otherwise Income0.000.000.000.000.00 gist INCOME6,422.585,140.005,863.601,504.921,830.19EXPENDITUREManufacturing Expenses3,466.832,911.813,715.471,297.511,597.06Material Consumed56.6940.8951.1943.7945.94Personal Expenses680.54689.38825.42244.96247.72 marketing Expenses659.07687.02683.8285.0017.90Administrative Expenses426.21418.41546.47110.20154.00Expenses Capitalised0.000.000.000.000.00 viands Made0.000.000.000.000.00TOTAL EXPENDITURE5,289.344,747.515,822.361,781.462,062.61Operating Profit944.04320.41-553.19-325.17-262.40EBITDA1,133.24392.4941.24-276.54-232.42Depreciation203.02162.80133.2018.2817.67Other Write-offs38.0154.4938.3918.3126.25EBIT892.20175.20-130.35-313.13-276.34Interest2,340.322,245.592,029.33434.44466.05EBT-1,448.12-2,070.39-2,159.68-747.57-742.39Taxes-455.35-700.00 -546.38-494.453.40Profit and Loss for the Year-992.76-1,370.39-1,613.30-253.12-745.79Non Recurring Items-107.62-405.384.4764.98312.12Other Non Cash Adjustments72.9931.280.00-0.914.09Other Adjustments0.0097.270.000.970.00REPORTED PAT-1,027.40-1,647.22-1,608.83-188.14-419.58KEY ITEMSPreference Dividend0.000.000.000.000.00Equity Dividend0.000.000.000.000.00Equity Dividend (%)0.000.000.000.000.00Shares in Issue (Lakhs)4,977.792,659.092,659.091,357.991,354.70EPS Annualised (Rs)-20.64-61.95-60.50-18.47-30.97CASHFLOW STATEMENTParticularsMar11Mar10Mar09Mar08Jun07Profit Before Tax-1,520.78-2,417.92-2,155.21-682.59-416.18Net Cash Flows from Operating operation-2.23-1,665.09-645.78-541.52-552.58Net Cash Used in Investing Activity38.05235.13206.6313.82119.48Net Cash Used in Financing Activity-81.721,464.55290.11-9.23993.68Net Inc/Dec in Cash and Cash Equivalent-45.9034.60-149.04-536.93560.57Cash and Cash Equivalent Beginning of the Year206.47171.87320.91817.05256.47Cash and Equivalent End o f the Year160.57206.47171.87280.12817.05BALANCE SHEETParticularsMar11Mar10Mar09Mar08Jun07Liabilities12 Months12 Months12 Months12 Months12 MonthsShare Capital1,053.83370.39371.02145.89135.47Reserves Surplus-4,005.02-4,268.84-2,496.3652.99249.23Net Worth-2,951.19-3,898.45-2,125.35198.87384.70Secured Loans5,184.534,842.432,622.52592.38716.71Unsecured Loans1,872.553,080.173,043.04342.00200.00TOTAL LIABILITIES4,105.884,024.153,540.211,133.261,301.41AssetsGross Block2,254.262,048.141,891.80322.33340.77(-) Acc. Depreciation682.37493.62316.2943.5533.74Net Block1,571.891,554.511,575.52278.78307.03Capital Work in Progress.673.35980.601,630.95346.25357.62Investments.0.050.050.050.000.41Inventories187.65164.88147.2548.6461.62Sundry Debtors440.53322.49229.8427.1635.24Cash And Bank252.36206.47171.87280.12817.05Loans And Advances5,380.194,604.313,640.42832.48149.76Total Current Assets6,260.735,298.134,189.371,188.411,063.68Current Liabilities4,463.863,908.033,814.63687.31449.15Provisions62.1146. 7745.559.526.94Total Current Liabilities4,525.973,954.803,860.18696.83456.09NET CURRENT ASSETS1,734.761,343.34329.19491.58607.59Misc. Expenses125.84145.644.5116.6428.75TOTAL ASSETS (A+B+C+D+E)4,105.884,024.153,540.211,133.261,301.41FUTURE STRATEGIESMarket PenetrationCan tie up with integrated and Government Companies by Providing Unique Travel Solutions for Professional and Personal Use. Can implement programs implemented by South West Airlines to penetrate market. Product DevelopmentSeek additional distribution channels such as more tie ups and Collaboration. Collaboration with international carriers, bilateral discussions over seats and code sacramental manduction between the carriers. Market DevelopmentSpecial offerings for first time fliers.Try to find out new customer group such as old-retired persons. diversificationCan enter into other Transport Services like Bus Services between Major Cities and Other Services.PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONCurrent Indian scenario Air travelFor m ajority of people preference-No frills low cost airlines Kingfisher competing with both the no frills low cost airlines as well as those with frills. Three unique classes of service Kingfisher First (Business class)Kingfisher Class (Premium economy)Kingfisher Red (Low fare)Current segmentation based on social class income levelSocial classes which use full carrier services and those which use first class services of the railways Income level Low cost carrier for those who travel by first class railway hassle with positioningBrand relates to LifestyleRECOMMENDATIONSNeeds to change brand perceptionCurrently perceived as Lifestyle sloganRed color of crew Reflects RoyaltyOver dependence on brand image of Mr. MallayaJet airways Reflects professionalismAdvertisement reflecting Value for MoneyGain operational efficiencies through alliances as with Jet Airways LeverageUponNew fleet, Unmatched flight serviceInnovative ideas-LIVE TV with 16 channelsAir Boutique, in Kingfisher AirlinesA j oint promotion, i.e. using MakeMyTrip services and flying Kingfisher Airlines. By partnering with Kingfisher Airlines, further convenience in travel is offered at no extra cost- Added value Fleet size expansionSUGGESTION turn off the labor costSimplify the flight operationsOffer more transparent pricingGet smart on fuelThe process of getting spice jet if complete would make kingfisher the largest player in the aviation industry Different modes of pricing should be taken care of.CONCLUSIONAfter doing a study of this project representing on Kingfisher Airlines, I have come to a conclusion that Kingfisher Airlines is one of the largest and most widespread airlines of the country providing its services not only in India as well as outside India also. It has alliance with many other airlines in this sector.Kingfisher Airlines offers world class services to the customer at a nominal rate. The national carrier takes immense pride in having successfully played a pivotal role in making var iant facets of India popular with the people of the world and acting as the countrys cultural ambassador. The airline uses the services of one of the advanced plans been operated in the world. To sum up I would like to say that Kingfisher Airlines is serving its customer in an appreciated way and going to be in the list of best services providers in coming years.

Managing Paediatric Illness and Injury Essay Example for Free

Managing Paediatric Illness and Injury Essay1. decipher the common types of fractures and how to manage them. Broken bone. ground on the location and severity of the fracture, a broken bone usually must be set into position and supported until it is strong enough to simulate weight. Your physician go away recommend the most proven treatment approach, usually casting or surgery2. Describe how to manage a dislocation keep pain around the dislocation by applying a cold pack to the area this will also reduce swelling that can add to vexation smirch. Keep joint immobile and do not try to push the bone back in place. Offer ibuprofens if in sober pain, monitor the persevering until the professionals arrive.3. Describe how to recognise and manage the following head injuries A concussion you consider dizziness, nausea, red ink of memory, mild headache, seeing stars, double vision, numbness and lack of hand-eye coordination. B skull fracture you will probably see an external woun d or bruise on the head and there may be a effect visible on the scalp. Check behind the ears for swelling or bruising. There may be loss of clear fluid or irrigatey rake through an eye or nostril, blood in the white of the eye, a black-eye, and the symmetry of the head or face may be disrupted. The responsiveness of the victim may deteriorate C cerebral compression levels of response deteriorate headaches tend to be intense noisy, slowed, or irregular breathing pupil sizes mismatched paralysis or weakness on one side of the body or face drowsiness temperature spike, fever, or flushed face personality changes4. Describe how to manage an infant and a shaver with foreign bodies in their eyes, ears and nose. If a child gets sand, dust, or paint in their eyes, then we can try removing it ourselves, for the number one time wear clear-cut pair of disposable gloves, and gently pull the bottom eye lid down, and with a clean wet tissue try to clean the eye, and if that jadet blend in, then try to wash the eye out with water, position the childs head over the sink or orbit with eye open and wash the eye out using plastic cup, try to pour the water for the side of the eye, if this still dont work then go to the nearest walking centre. There are several things that can get stuck inears and nose, common ones like batteries, beads, nuts. If a child does get anything small stuck in their nose or ear, unless it can easily be pulled out with a firm grip then go for it, if not dont try because you may end up pushing it further back and making it difficult, in these kind of situations you need to call a first aider, or egress the child to the nearest walking centre to get it re instilld.5. Describe how to recognise and manage common eye injuriesEye injuries can regorge from relatively trivial, such as irritating the eye with shampoo, to constitutionally serious, resulting in permanent loss of vision. Common causes of eye injuries include, something like a small s ubatomic particle of grit or a twig damages the transparent front part of the eye known as the cornea this type of injury is known as a corneal abrasion. A foreign body such as a small piece of wood or metal gets stuck in the eye. A sudden blow to the eye, from a fist or a cricket ball for example, causes the middle section of the eye (the uvea) to become swollen this type of injury is known as traumatic uveitis. Wash your eyes out for 20 minutes if you think they have been exposed to a chemical. Ideally, you should wash the eye with salty solution, but tap water will be fine if saline is unavailable. Use plenty of water. Water from a garden hose or water fountain is okay if youre outside. Then go immediately to your nearest AE department. Its also important to go to AE if you cut your eye and it starts bleeding or if you have something stuck in your eye. Never try to admit anything from your eye as you could damage it.6. Describe how to recognise and manage continuing medical conditions includinga. Sickle jail cell anaemia.Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped. This abnormality can result in painful episodes, serious infections, chronic anaemia, and damage to body organs. These complications can, however, vary from person to person depending on the type of sickle cell disease each has. Some people are relatively water-loving and others are hospitalized frequently. But thanks to advancements in early diagnosis and treatment, most kids born with this disorder grow up to live relatively healthy and productive lives.b. DiabetesThe main symptoms of diabetes arefeeling very thirstyurinating frequently, particularly at nightfeeling very tiredweight loss and loss of muscle bulkType 1 diabetes can develop quickly, over weeks or even days. Many people have type 2 diabetes for old age without realising because early symptoms tend to be general. The amount of sugar in the blood is usually controlled by a hormo ne called insulin, which is produced by the pancreas (a gland behind the stomach). When sustenance is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is broken down to produce energy. However, if you have diabetes, your body is unable to break down glucose into energy. This is because there is either not enough insulin to move the glucose, or the insulin produced does not work properly.c. asthmaAsthma is caused by inflammation of the air hoses. These are the small tubes, called bronchi, which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi will be inflamed and more sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus. This leads to symptoms including Difficulty breathingWheezing and coughingA tight chest.While there is no cure for ast hma, there are a number of treatments that can help effectively control the condition. treatment is based on two important goals Relieving symptomsPreventing future symptoms and attacks from developingTreatment and prevention involves a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice, and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers. Read more about living with asthma.7. Describe how to recognise and manage serious sudden illnesses including a. Meningitisviral meningitis usually gets better within a couple of weeks, with plenty of rest and painkillers for the headache. Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics (medication that treats infections caused by bacteria). Treatment will require admission to hospital, with severe cases treated in an intensive care unit so the bodys vital functions can be supported. The best way to prevent meningitis is by ensuring vaccinations are up-to-date. Children in the UK should receive the available vaccines as part of the childhood vac cination programme. b. Febrile convulsionsFebrile seizures are also sometimes called febrile convulsions. During most seizures the childs body becomes stiff, they brook consciousness and their arms and legs twitch. Some children may wet themselves. This is whats known as a tonic colonic seizure. If your child is having a febrile seizure, place them in the recovery position. Lay them on their side, on a soft surface, with their face turned to one side. This will stop them swallowing any vomit. It will keep their airway open and help to prevent injury. Stay with your child and try to make a note of how long it lasts. If it is your childs first seizure, or it lasts longer than five minutes, take them to the nearest hospital as soon as possible or call 999 for an ambulance. While it is unlikely that there is anything seriously wrong, it is best to be sure. If your child has had febrile seizures before and the seizure lasts for less than five minutes. Try not to put anything, including medication, in your childs mouth during a seizure as there is a slight chance that they might bite their tongue. Almost all children make a complete recovery, and there is not a unmarried reported case of a child dying as the direct result of a febrile seizure.8. Describe how to recognise and treat the effects of utmost(prenominal) cold and extreme heat for an infant and a child. When a child has an extreme cold the signs and symptoms are Shivering in the early stagesCold, pale and juiceless skinLow temperature 35 degrees or lessIrrational behaviour, slow shallow breathingCold to touchUnusually quiteRefuses to feedTreatment for this will be to remove and replace wet clothing, wrap in a warm blanket cover their head place in a warm room. Give them a hot drink only if they can hold the cup. If its a baby then warm them up belatedly and place them in a warm room, use your body heat to warm them, and seek for medical advice. When a infant or child has an extreme heat the signs and s ymptoms could be Gradual onsetSweating, cold, clammy skinDizziness, confusion, headacheCramps in limbs and or abdomenShallow rapid breathing, nauseaTreatment for this isReassure, remove casualty to cool placeLie down with legs raisedIf conscious encourage to sip plenty of fluidsIf recovery is rapid advise them to see the regenerateIf unconscious put them in recovery and call 999 for ambulance

Historians and Their Duties Essay Example for Free

Historians and Their Duties Es translateGorman timely presents the question Do historians as historians contrive an honourable responsibility, and if so to whom? in his judge Historians and their Duties especially in an era which has seen the use of history as a way to further political agenda, invent or distort historical fact to justify political undertakings. He rightfully disputes Richard Evans assertion of value-free reportage of history and the restrictive historians handicraft of presenting and interpreting knowledge.In locution that Historians are simply not trained to make moral judgmentsthey have no expertise in these things, Evans suggests they must beat the moral question, barely this is impossible. Morality governs us all, including historians. I differ in Evans bloodless concept of historical duty, one I recover he skint after being expert witness in Irving v. Penguin Books and Lipstadt (Fulford, 2001) where he became instrumental in the conviction of a h istorian for distorting historical interpretations about the Holocaust.I think history, to become a significant part in advancing knowledge and good in society, must refuse to be monastic or ornamental, but instead be engaging and useful to mankind. I see Butterfields thoughts on ethics provocative in the verbose Bentley essay Herbert Butterfield and the Ethics of Historiography. The about striking is his recommended cronkive attitude to international politics Whatever wicked things we may think are done we have no right to say a word until we have forgiven the sin and covered it up with love. It strikes as a worldview that is either naive or cruel because it seems to justify crimes against humanity.I find it hard to reconcile with his anti-Whiggish stance condemning the selective presentation of history from the viewpoint of the victor (Schweizer, 2007). Is he, in the process, recommending us to absolve Hitler or the U. S. which he disdained for dropping the A-bomb on Hiroshima ? I believe he is, and historians, to his view, being limited in understanding, cannot truly uncover the hand of God or Providence, enough for them to confer moral judgments of history.Responses to Student Views Unlike the first student response, I support Butterfields criticism of selective or rejectionist approach to the interpretation of history with a bias to the victor. I share his view of world events as a historical process. This is something that historians must take careful consideration of when upholding objectivity and law in the conduct of their profession. Historical events are not static, after all, but an accumulation of events, not people, of experiences, not single victories.Regarding his treatise on passivity and quietism, Butterfield no dubiety shares the brand of Christian helplessness when it comes to appreciating world events. I agree with the second student response on his critique of Evans, who promotes value-free interpretation of history as a duty of the ideal historian. I believe that duties of historians extend far more than writing history, but of injecting analysis and viewpoints as well, as long as he does not distort or invent historical fact in doing so. On being politically neutral, I have to disagree.It is true that historians take in a great deal of influence in shaping public perception of how events should be interpreted. In analyzing historical facts, the historian must take a stand, and in this manner, he loses his neutrality. He cannot claim the correctness of two contradictory interpretations but must determine which interpretation finds basis in fact. Indeed, historians cannot exempt themselves from ethical responsibility just because they feel a presumptive need to produce a dispassionate account of history.I think Gorman wrote this essay assuming essay that historians today are a vast and eclectic mix with varying dispositions. He preempts those who have an overly institutional view of ethics in saying As busines s people or historians, we surely all share the same moral world. I agree that historians have the ethical duty to pass moral judgment and those who find themselves incapable of deliberating such must undergo moral education.

Psychological Manipulation Different Techniques Psychology Essay

Psychological Manipulation Different Techniques Psychology Es evidencePsychological utilisation islike brain washing in that it wears away the victims egotism-confidence, sense of self-worth, trust in their own perceptions, and self-concept. Whichever way it is done, the results pass on be fairly similar. Eventu altogethery, the recipient of the ill-usage loses all sense of self and the final remaining vestiges of mortalal value. Psychological manipulation cuts through to the very core of a person. It cuts scars that are deeper and longer durable than physical ones.Manipulators may soak up many forms to manipulate great deal throughout the different ages. Most people have all been manipulated by others. Telling a white lie in order to get what we want is one way of manipulation. Students are dishonorable for telling teachers that they couldnt get their paper in on time beca enjoyment their computer crashed the previous night. Employees claim to be sick in order to miss a da y of work. When a manipulator manipulates other people, he is depriving them from their ability to make decisions based on their own accurate reading of reality. When a manipulator tells a lie, he provides an alternate reality to the other person therefore, they make decisions that may be to that manipulators advantage, but it may not be a decision that this person would make if he knew all the facts.People all want to trust and assume the better in other people. People believe that when someone tells them some issue, the other person is telling the truth. When people have been repeatedly hurt because others have taken advantage of our trust, People may change their beliefs about the world. They may choke pessimistic and try to undermine others before we are hurt again. However, the best strategy is probably to trust until someone shows us that they cant be trusted. Its even better if we can learn how to recognize psychological manipulation when it appears. (Recognition of psychol ogical manipulation will be seen later in this paper).Manipulators use many techniques of manipulation. I will without delay state two which I find used by many manipulators. A psychological manipulator is forever displaying his/herself in the image of a willing helper. If you ask him/her to do something they will almost agree. In other words, when you ask him for something he agrees and when you thank him/her, he/she makes a lot of sighs or gestures that let you know they dont really want to do whatever you asked of him/her.Psychological manipulators can make you doubt yourself as they are very good at turning things around. They will say a thing and later assure you that they didnt where they can make you think that one plus one is three. Psychological Manipulation can be very effective that it may control ur behaviors and actions such as seen in the famous novel 1984.There are simple ways in which you can spot manipulators therefore preventing them from manipulating you. star ting signal thing to keep in mind is when a manipulator has years of experience they use words as their weapon of choice. They know exactly what to say and how to say it in order to get what they want.Understand that psychological manipulators dont care what you want. They may act as though they do, but know that they have enceinte acting ability. more can cry on cue or act out fits of rage and not be angry at all.The certify thing you should put in mind is that emotional manipulators are charming and all your friends and family will like them. They put on their best impersonation of a nice person around others. They continue this facade throughout your time together. This deception is how they make you turn out to be the crazy one.Your feelings are your best friend. If something doesnt feel right and you are feeling confused, then you need to really pay close attention to what this person is saying and doing. When you find that their actions dont match their words, take this is a bright red flag. They will say something like Everybody makes mistakes. Even Im not perfect. This is a guilt trap set up and dont follow into it third gear psychological manipulation tactic is flirting. They flirt right in front of you, and then accuse you of over reacting. Naturally, then, youre the bad person theyre just being friendly, and so on. They thrive on your drama, so they find ways to push your buttons.Remember, in the beginning theyre listening and watching, so they know what gets to you. Give them ammunition and they will use it This is why you do not bare secrets early on. Its your secrets and fears that they use to make you appear unstable and unreasonable.The Fourth and most important to keep in mind is to look for doubt to set in, not in them, but in you. You will start doubting your own sanity. Did I really say that? Did I really do that? Emotional manipulation is all about making a person doubt themselves. This way the manipulator is always right and always gets their way. They are in control and plan to keep it that way.The use of guilt, anger, deception, intimidation, control and power will all come into play at some point. They will also be ambiguous, elusive, and emotionally unavailable. There is no love only lust. Sad to say, but many people mistake lust for love and fall for this tactic head first.The last thing to take care of is to know that the worst part of this is that if youre around them long enough, you will become like them. Thats right, you become like who youre around. How do you fight back or survive if you dont use emotional manipulation tactics yourself? After all, manipulators dont play fair Its called natural adaptation.Many times it ends in sadness and violence emotional baggage to carry for life unless counseling is sought. If you dont want to fall for these emotional manipulators build up your self esteem and confidence, so that you find their behaviors are unacceptable.People are sitting at a neutral state bei ng swung back and forth on what and who to believe. They dont know that manipulation can be very dangerous and can be used in totalitarianism especially if they are manipulated by retroflex think. An example of double think, the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in ones mind simultaneously and accepting both of them, as a manipulation technique for a large population (e.g. population of a country) is found in the novel 1984 by George Orwell. Where British citizens are psychologically manipulated to believe what the government and media declares. contend is Peace is an example. To illustrate War is Peace, we must look at the term keeping the tranquility. America, the worlds liberator, has a wicked habit of keeping the peace in unconnected lands. What this really squiffys is that they send troops to these lands, armed with the most advanced weaponry, and threaten to kill everyone that goes against the interests of democracy. All of this is in the name of keeping the peace . The act of doublethink is now common in the world, many young adults are torn to believe contradictory statements about politics, and life which will prevent future generations from knowing what peace is.Not everyone in this world knows about psychological manipulation. Psychological manipulation techniques may be scattered all around your life but that doesnt mean you have to give in to them. With this paper, you are now more equipped to handle different manipulative techniques. I also do recommend people to prepare their children to overcome manipulation.SourcesBooksTitle Mind Control.Publisher Citadel illustrated edition edition (August 1, 2006).Author Dr.Haha Lung.Internethttp//www.manipulative-people.com/psychological-manipulation-an-overview/.http//mentalabuse.org/home.asp.http//www.articlesbase.com/self-improvement-articles/psychological-manipulation-techniques-3-awful-things-people-do-to-manipulate-others-1574468.html.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_manipulation. http//www.psychologicalharassment.com/psychological_manipulation.htm.

Motivational Theories for Travel and Tourism

Motivational Theories for pilgrimage and TourismAbstractThe endeavors of this dissertation argon to demonstrate how the penuryal theories in travel and phaetonry can be apply as a foundation for re front into ceasing severalizeicipation in organized leisure activities, and to discuss methodological implications that emerge from much(prenominal) an approach. The look for problem is the appointment of three indigenceal operators that mostly puzzle out the choice of leisure activity in the Lebanese touristry field. The dissertation every(prenominal)ow rely heavily on literature review and primary enquiry that utilise university students and a focus group of industriousness professionals in Lebanon.The theoretical background of this study is structured check to Iso-Aholas motivational possibility. Iso-Aholas speculation asserts that personal escape, personal want, interpersonal escape, and interpersonal seeking spark tourism and am practisement. This dissertation ope rationalizes and empirically tests Iso-Aholas theory for similar tourism and merriment meets. The motivation dimensions atomic turn 18 monitored using scenario-based entropy for sporting events, b individuallyes, amusement parks, and inbred parks. The commencement ceremony investigation apply confirmatory factor analysis to explore the efficacy of six competing motivational structures.Three of these competing models achieved superior and similar fit statistics, with cardinal model incorporating the most parsimonious structure. This model gave exist and direct salience to each of the four motivations. The second investigation examined the differences in motivation levels for tourism and deflexion figures. Tourism experiences exhibited higher levels of motivation, particularly for the personal seeking and personal escape dimensions. The three investigation found no relationship surrounded by the arrive of new-made domestic and international vacations and tourism motiv ations among the subjects.Chapter I gateThis dissertation seeks to explore the rationale for, and difficulties of operationalizing, the touchst ace of tourists comfort with their experiences in particular cultivations. It suggests that the on-going systematic cadencement of mirth with ends is a valuable exercise that impart shake off tangible benefits, but acknowledges the difficulties of doing this in a meaningful manner. The principal argument cedeed is that the standard of tourists ecstasy with a particular stopping point involves more than simply meter the level of gratification with the advantages delivered by item-by-item enterprises. There needs to be a frequently broader, more encompassing means of measuring rejoicing, one that relates closely to the motivations which tourists bring in for reproofing the destination in the first vest.The tourism industriousness consists of a number of divergent sectors including the travel, hospitality and visitor retu rnss sector. indoors each of these sectors there argon a number of individual(a) enterprises that offer a range of wait ons to pile who ar traveling away from their inhabitation environment. This travel could be for a variety of reasons including for pleasure, to visit friends and relatives, to work on a short experimental condition basis, to attend conferences, to participate in business activities, or any of a number of ad hoc reasons.While the industry distinguishes between the miscellaneous groups according to their aim for travel, convention has it that all these short- margin travelers argon defined as tourists Likewise, the industry distinguishes between various trades according to their place of origin (international, domestic, intra-state, interstate, etc). These attributes are non applicable to this newspaper publisher which is concerned with all these forms of tourism.Tourists visit destinations and suck up in various activities while there. These destin ations can be class in various ways and at various scales of analysis. For example, Lebanon could be regarded as a destination for international visitors while Beirut could be one for nation from northern Lebanon. At a diametrical scale, a city or even a region could be regarded as a destination. This paper is concerned with all these levels. It is not concerned with individual enterprises which exist within certain destinations. As remark below, there appears to be adequate analysis of tourism atonement at the individual enterprise level.What is abstracted is a broader view that odors at the way tourists move to the meatity of their experiences in a particular destination irrespective of the particular activities that they engage in. I am going to provide an explanation of the Lebanese tourism economy be move this market is the model that this dissertation uses as the benchmark for testing Iso-Aholas motivational theory. I encounter chosen this soil due to its repute of being the jewel of the Middle East and one of the most dispositiond destinations in the region. The reasonableness of the characteristics of this market will coquette a circumstantial use in laying the foundations for the look and would allow to plus the integrity and reliability of this research.Moreover, the market is highly intemperate and the geographic field of force is small this aspect would play a paramount consumption in diminishing sources of error and in case of their chancerence it would be easier to isolate and rectify. In addition, being my home country I view studying this market as a personal passion which would allow me to present with a high motivational level. I will leadingt by providing a review of the state of Lebanese tourism and highlight the trends, review infrequent research findings, and pinpoint the market characteristics.Tourism in the Lebanese EconomyOver the last cristal the tourism industry has emerged as a evidential sector of the Leba nese economy generating approximately $5 billion in income, employing 1 in 9 Lebanese and contributing nearly $1.5 billion in export earnings.While approximately 55% of tourism activity involves domestic travel, the fastest formulateing sector is in-bound travel. This has been increasing significantly over the last decade with Lebanon receiving 1.1 million visits in 2004. Despite the novel d knowledgeswing in the economies of major source countries, and the unstable political landscape visitor arrivals to Lebanon are expected to grow at an average annual rate of between 5.7 and 7.8 per cent to reach between 1.4 and 1.7 million visitors in 2010.Being a relatively new industry characterized by growth, the focus has been on marketing, visitor numbers, and duration of stay, expenditure patterns and other measures of economic consumption. As the industry has begun to mature in the last five or so years there has been an increasing interest in such things as lineament of dish up, ac creditation procedures, and quantity of invitee merriment. The looses discussed in this paper should be seen as part of this maturation cognitive process in which the industry is face to achieve long-term sustainable growth that generates benefits for the industry, the clients and the community as a self-colored.Methodology of Research accumulate information in marketing research practically involves several different strategies, such as interviewing and analyzing documents (Merriam, 1998). Using multiple sources of knowledge is useful in our research since we have doubts that a single source of discipline will provide a complete and comprehensive judgement of the research problem, so in our research we use multiple sources of information. Basically, there are dickens forms of data primary and secondary data. While writing the dissertation, I will use several different sources when collecting data in purchase order to increase the validity of the collected data.Seconda ry data is the data that has been previously collected and published. The secondary data used in the beginning of our research, originated from various sources. In the preceding(prenominal) period, we have started by studying literature related to relationship tourism marketing, tourism buying and motivational behavior and motivational marketing concepts in order to get deeper insight into and understanding of the researched area.The other sources used for collection of our secondary data were newspaper and mag articles, course materials, on-line sources (Internet databases) and tourism companies materials (internal and external).The methodology used for primary research will be depicted at greater length in the third chapter.Current Measurement of Tourists gratification LevelsDespite the large body of literature available on bliss research in familiar, only a few academic studies have focussed directly on customer contentment amongst tourists. Of these, an even more control number have been underinterpreted in Lebanon. The major studies take Fick and Ritchie (1991), Reisinger and Waryszak (1994), Arnold and Price (1993), Crompton and Love (1995), Geva and Goldman (1991), Maddox (1985) and Ryan (1995). Because of the limited material available in the academic literature, a preliminary survey of government activitys that whitethorn have investigated tourist satisfaction was underinterpreted.Given the broad focus of the paper and the limited space, no attempt was made to look at individual tourism enterprises measuring the satisfaction level of clients as part of their on-going quality confidence program. The most common example of this is the questionnaire that is left in individual hotel rooms. These vary from single response questions to sophisticate instruments designed to elicit quite detailed responses from guests. some of these are diagnostic in the sense impression that they are aimed at identifying specific measures that can be taken to imp rove the service. Some specifically enquire nearly customers perceptions of the services repute for money. In some instances, particularly amongst 5 star hotel chains, these are used for benchmarking or as execution of instrument indicators.Because of this decision to exclude individual enterprises, the preliminary survey focused on the following organizationsAcademic departments of Lebanese universitiesState tourist officesNon-government tourist industry organizations and associationsThe search found a range of studies has been completed most of which are primarily data-gathering research exercises rather than conceptual studies. The prime studies are described in extension I.It is fetch that some work has been done in this area by a smattering of agencies each of which approaches it from a quite different perspective. Despite realization of the likely observe of the data, current efforts are not coordinated guideing in a lack of comparison that makes it impossible to ide ntify trends and monitor changes in a systematic fashion. More strategicly, the diversity of approaches demonstrates a need for substantial conceptual work on the record of tourist satisfaction in general and the measurement of tourist satisfaction with destinations in particular. What is required is further exploration into the application of concepts and ideas drawn from the broader consumer literature to the specific challenge of measuring the satisfaction of tourists with particular destinations. This may require a quite different approach to that adopted for other work.Why measure satisfaction at the level of the destination?There are a number of reasons why it would be appropriate to look at extending the measurement of tourist satisfaction to the more global level of the tourist destination. It is critical to understand the underlying motivational factors in order to be able to get a clearer barometer for the measurement of satisfaction of tourists. Without pre-empting th e nature of this measurement, these reasons includeMillions of dollars are worn out(p) each year on destination marketing by national and state tourism offices, airlines and regional tourism bodies. This includes detailed surveys of potential markets as intumesce as extensive advertising and promotional campaigns in source countries. While there is considerable research into the impact of the promotional effort through sensation studies, tracking studies, etc, these all concentrate on the inputs (i.e. has the campaign reached its target audience?). What is missing is an understanding of the clients reaction to the ingathering offering, in particularly whether it meets the needs of the target market. This would suit an integral part of the understanding what the market(s) is/are seeking.Peak organizations in the tourism industry recognize the need to encourage two new and repeat business. The latter can best be achieved by ensuring that our current offerings are full-blooded t he needs, expectations and desires of current tourists and their propensity to recommend the destination to others.The measure could become a barometer of the health of the industry for strategic planning purposes.The tourism industry itself is grappling with the issue of service quality and recognizes that this is the key to long term victory. At present its focus is on establishing accreditation mechanisms to ensure that individual firms conform to appropriate standards. Monitoring tourists satisfaction at the more global level would provide a valuable manikin for this and enable comparison between the efforts of the individual enterprise and those of the industry as a whole.Government agencies are now recognizing the value of assessing the success of their programs in terms of outcomes rather than inputs. As Lebanese government agencies move in this focussing the need for the systematic collection of the type of data proposed will increase. In the case of tourism, this is part icularly relevant to national, state and regional tourism development bodies responsible for destination marketing. Using the level of satisfaction see by visitors to their destination as a measure of success would transfer the focus away from the efforts of the organization towards their achievements.Governments of all persuasions are looking critically at their financial commitments and questioning whether they should continue the traditionally high level of support. If the industry can demonstrate a relationship between the level of support and the satisfaction of visitors to their destination then the argument for continued support would be strengthened greatly. This would complement other measures such as visitor numbers, expenditure, etc.With an appropriate measurement instrument it could be possible for individual sectors of the industry to be compared with other sectors. In an industry where the success of the whole depends on the contribution of each part, this informatio n will help to identify those sectors that need to improve.Recent developments in consumer protection have extended into the area of satisfaction. The 1993 European Union Directive on Travel has required member states to implement laws self-aggrandizing tourists the right to obtain compensation from packaged tour operators in the event that they are dissatisfied with their holiday. This applies in all destinations, including Lebanon. The results of the proposed survey will help to focus the attention of the industry on this issue and provide data on how the industry is going and what needs to be improved.Perspectives on Measuring Tourists triumph with a DestinationMeasuring tourists satisfaction with a destination is conceptually different from measuring satisfaction at the proceeding specific level. Moreover, it is contended that while satisfaction at the destination level is influenced by the various transactions that occur at that destination, an individuals level of satisfact ion is influenced by much broader, global factors, some of which are beyond the capacity of the tourism industry to affect. The purpose of this section is to outline some ideas that should be taken into account when developing a method to measure satisfaction at this relatively abstract level.Johnson, Anderson et al., (1995) have distinguished between two different general conceptualizations of satisfaction transaction-specific satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction. The former is concerned with satisfaction as an individual, transaction-specific measure or military rating of a particular product or service experience (Johnson, Anderson et al. 1995).Cumulative satisfaction, on the other hand, is a cumulative, abstract construct that describes customers total consumption experience with a product or service (Johnson, Anderson et al., 1995). As a customers overall evaluation of the purchase or consumption experience, cumulative satisfaction is the most relevant conceptualization w hen the focus is on the tourists evaluation of their overall experience at a destination. This is some cadences referred to as market-level satisfaction.The literature suggests that satisfaction measurement essential be treated differently at these two levels of abstraction. Moreover, when considering consumer satisfaction with their consumption experiences, a major distinction has been made between the consumption of unslopeds and services (Lovelock, 1991).Measures of satisfaction are not the same for these different consumption experiences, more often than not because of the role of the consumer in the service encounter. It could as rise up be argued that tourism is a special service in that, like recreation or education, it is largely self-produced (Williams, 1988). The individual plays a central role in determining the experiences achieved and the benefits derived.The special nature of tourism can be understood by adopting the behavioral perspective first developed within t he recreation and leisure literature. This literature demonstrates the value of perceiving recreation as activity that realises experiences which, in turn, result in benefits for the individual (Driver and Tocher, 1970 Mannel and Iso-Ahola, 1987). This created a focus on the factors which determine the quality of those experiences and the benefits derived. Measurement of satisfaction has therefore involved an judging of whether the experiences have resulted in the desired benefits sought by the individual. In his seminal paper (Wagar 1966) suggested that the quality of recreation experience depends upon how well desired outcomes are realized. rapture is therefore more a function of the needs and interests of the individual than the attributes and characteristics of the service provided. These ideas have gradually become the basis of the conceptualization of the tourist experience and conscious much of the work about tourist motivations and expectations (Crompton and Love, 1995 Rya n, 1995). Therefore tourist experiences can be regarded as the result of an active endeavor by the individual to create a situation in which to achieve satisfaction. It is this active involvement of the individual in the creation of his or her personal experiences that needs to be acknowledged.In a similar vein, the early recreation literature also recognized the implications of this approach for the assessment of recreation service quality. It was recognized that the quality of the experiences can be influenced by input factors provided by managers . . . but to a considerable extent the quality of experiences depends upon choices made by recreationists and how they use the many factors of production (Brown, 1988 413). In other words, the satisfaction levels experienced by recreationists are recognized as being a function of a number of different variables including those brought by the recreationist him/herself which are beyond the influence of the service provider.Drawing on the c onsumer literature, it is too easy to assume that the outcomes of the tourist activity are solo the creation of the tourist operators/industry. However, it is perhaps more illuminating to adopt a transactional perspective outlined in the recreation literature. Here, the tourist actively creates the recreation(tourist) experience, through a transaction with the physical and neighborly setting, including what the recreationist (tourist) brings to the process in terms of history, perceptions, companions, skills, equipment, identities, hopes and dreams (Williams, 1988). With this perspective, more emphasis is placed on the behavior of the individual and their role in creating the experience. not all the responsibility for creating high levels of satisfaction rests with the service deliverer.With this in mind, (Crompton and Love, 1995) make a distinction between quality of chance and quality of experience.Quality of opportunity is defined as qualities of the attributes of a service t hat are under the control of a supplier. Evaluation is concerned with judgments about the performance of the leisure opportunity supplier. . . . In contrast, quality of experience involves not only the attributes provided by a supplier, but also attributes brought to the opportunity by the visitor or recreationist. . Quality of experience is a psychological outcome or emotional response. . Satisfaction is measured by how well leisure activities are perceived to fulfill the sanctioned needs and motives that stirred the idea to participate in the activity (Crompton and Love, 199512).When the neutral is to measure satisfaction with a holiday in a particular destination, it will be of the essence(p) to note this distinction and ensure that both aspects are included in the assessment. We have been reasonably good at assessing tourists perceptions of the quality of opportunity but largely ignored the question of quality of experience.A further perspective that could be of relevance he re is that of Herzberg (1966). While his work mainly focused on the workplace, his theory of motivation has relevance to the expenditure of discretionary time such as going on a holiday. Herzberg (1966) suggests that all aspects of an experience can be classified as either a motivational or a hygienic factor. Motivational factors are those that positively encourage people to do something. For example, a desire to make new friends may motivate people to go on an organized tour rather than travel alone. On the other hand, hygienic factors are those things which would not encourage one to travel, but their absence seizure would discourage such travel.A good example is the availability of clean drinking water. Having this available is tall(a) to motivate someone to travel, while its absence could cause someone to not choose a particular destination. gibe to Roger James Associates (1996) the absence of motivational factors does not lead to dissatisfaction but rather to unsatisfaction a sense of emptiness rather than a sense of anger or disappointment. On the other hand, the absence of a hygienic factor will lead to dissatisfaction. The presence of such a factor will not lead to satisfaction but rather to satisficing, that is, a passive (albeit benign) feeling (Roger James Associates, 1996 34).If we adopt this framework it could be suggested that we have tended to focus on the hygienic factors which are represented by the measurement of how well the services (hotels, airports, travel companies, etc) are provided. These are important because without these being done well, the customer would be very dissatisfied. However, we have not also measured the motivational factors. These are akin to the experience factors how well the destination facilitates the satisfaction of personal needs. The best way of ensuring that we are providing this is to understand the clients needs, etc and to develop product that is relevant to these. In turn, this is linked to the benefi ts to be derived from the experience thus creating satisfaction.The work by Arnold and Price (1993) confirms the role that needs and desires play in the consumers evaluation of a particular experience. They present very clear evidence that the satisfaction of participants in this recreational (or possibly tourist?) activity is related to the extent to which the experience enhances their individual cultural script and are interpreted within the broader narrative context of the consumers life (Arnould and Price, 1993). They suggest that satisfaction with river rafting . . . does not seem to be embodied in attributes of the experience such as amounts of time spent freezing in wet clothes, uncomfortable toilet facilities, bad food or any summary business leader of specific attributes of the falter (Arnould and Price, 1993).These general thoughts appear to be in line with the fundamentals of the marketing concept most normally described as satisfying the needs and desires of the consum er (Keith, 1960 38) and the whole notion of benefit segmentation which suggests that purchases are selected on the basis of the benefits derived by consumers (Haley, 1968). It is also consistent with the recent work of Spreng and his associates which emphasizes the role that desires, as opposed to expectations, plays in determining satisfaction within the disconfirmation framework (Spreng, Mackenzie et al., 1996).Proposed PathSpace does not permit an exhaustive mental testing of the extensive literature outlining the various models used as the basis for measuring customer satisfaction and gauging the behavioral aspects (see Parasuraman, Zeithaml et al., 1994). However, a review of this literature has uncovered a model that could be developed to provide a satisfactory method of evaluating tourists satisfaction at the level of the destination and their motivational map. This model has been developed by Iso-Ahola and has become the basis of extensive work at the national and internati onal level.The index provided by the Iso-Ahola model provides a cumulative evaluation of a sectors market offering coupled with individual evaluation of a specific transaction. Called the Customer Satisfaction Index/Barometer, it has been introduced in Sweden, Germany and the United States of America (Fornell, Johnson et al, 1996). mainland China and New Zealand are also in the process of introducing a similar national satisfaction indicator. While much work still needs to be done, the framework provided by Iso-Ahola model provides a good starting point. It should be possible to make the necessary changes required to produce a useful index that will contribute to the on-going development of this important industry.Chapter IILiterature ReviewIt is imperative to start with a review of literature that addressed motivation in the travel and tourism industry. By adopting this approach we will be able to present a much more comprehensive and inclusive approach to understanding the theorie s of motivation in the travel and tourism industry and thus, we will be able to lay the foundations of clear parameters that can help scholars and decision makers measure the satisfaction of tourists and the underlying motivational factors. This part of the paper is employ to reviewing the literature that currently assesses the main theories of motivation. These theories span across a wide spectrum therefore we will adopt the various theories of travel motivation in the first part and then we will focus our discussions on Iso-Aholas motivational theory.The main theories of travel motivationKnowledge of peoples travel motivations and its association with destination selection plays a critical role in predicting future travel patterns. The essay talks about the various theories propounded by the theorists and analyses their practical benefits for the tourism industry.Tourist motivation can be defined as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives val ue and direction to travel choices, behavior and experience. (Pearce, Morrison Rutledge, 1998) as cited by Allan R. Rhodes Espinoza. According to Seaton (1997) motivation is a state of arousal of a drive or need which impels people to activity in pursuit of goals. Once the goals have been achieved the need subsides and the individual returns to the equilibrium-but only briefly because new motives arise as the last one is satisfied.Krippendorf (1987), as cited in Seaton (1997) suggests that the motivation of the individual person to travel, to look outside for what he cannot find inside have been largely created by society and shaped by everyday life. People who live in cities, for example, are motivated to travel as tourists to wilderness areas because they need to escape from an artificial, monotonous environment. (Dann Matley, 1976) as cited in Mansfeld 1992). Grays travel-motivation theory, as noted by Mansfeld (1992), gives us two motives about why people go to natural setting s. The first motive is the desire to go from a cognize to an unknown place, called in Grays theory wanderlust.Secondly, a place which can provide the traveler with specific facilities that do not exist in his or her own place of residence, referred in Grays theory as cheer lust (Mansfeld, 1992). It is a common practice to consider traveler or tourist types as potential market segments for travel and tourism marketing (Smith, 1989 as cited in Theobald, 1996).Some of the motives which determine their travel choices are recreation, pleasure, new experiences, cultural interest, shopping.Any reader of literature of tourism motivation cannot help being struck by the similarity in findings by many researchers. The adjectives and categorizations of tourists based upon motivations may differ in number, but recurrent themes emerge. For example the need to escape from everyday environs for the purpose of relaxation, and discovering new things, places and people are often alluded to.Accordi ng to Crompton (1979), as cited in Bello Etzel (1985), the need for relaxation, exploration, loving interaction and enhancement of kinship relationships act as dominant push motives in the vacation decision. Reversely, pull motives are aroused by the destination and include factors like scenic attractions, historical sites. Push factors are thought to establish the desire for travel and pull factors are thought to explain actual destination choice. Seaton (1997) suggests that the push factors include avoidance of work, cultural/social pressures at home. The pull factors include seeking leisure /play, freedom and escape.Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types tension-reducing motives arousal-seeking motives. According to Maslow, there are five needs forming a hierarchy, progressing from the lower to the higher needs. Maslow argued that if the lower needs physiological hunger, thirst, rest, safety security, belonging and love affection, giving and receiving love are fulfill ed the individual would be motivated by needs of the next level of the hierarchy esteem self-esteem and esteem for others, self-actualization personal self-realization.Cooper et al(2005) criticizes Maslows theory saying that why and how Maslow selected the basic five needs remain unclear, although Page(2003) feels that it has relevance in understanding how human action is understandable and inevitable compared to research which argues that human behavior is essentially ludicrous and unpredictable. Cooper et al (2005) also questions the arrangement of the needs. Though Cooper et al (2005) criticizes much about Maslows theory, he feels that tourism industry has borrowed a lot from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labeled.Hudman (1980) as cited in Davidson and Maitland (1997) argue that Maslows (1943) hierarchy of needs provides a useful framework for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. Thus, for example, altho ugh the apparent purpose of a trip may be to visit friends and relatives, the underlying psychological motivation may be a need for belongingMotivational Theories for Travel and TourismMotivational Theories for Travel and TourismAbstractThe purposes of this dissertation are to demonstrate how the motivational theories in travel and tourism can be used as a foundation for research into ceasing participation in organized leisure activities, and to discuss methodological implications that emerge from such an approach. The research problem is the identification of three motivational factors that mostly influence the choice of leisure activity in the Lebanese tourism sector. The dissertation will rely heavily on literature review and primary research that used university students and a focus group of industry professionals in Lebanon.The theoretical background of this study is structured according to Iso-Aholas motivational theory. Iso-Aholas theory asserts that personal escape, personal seeking, interpersonal escape, and interpersonal seeking motivate tourism and recreation. This dissertation operationalizes and empirically tests Iso-Aholas theory for similar tourism and recreation experiences. The motivation dimensions are monitored using scenario-based data for sporting events, beaches, amusement parks, and natural parks. The first investigation used confirmatory factor analysis to explore the efficacy of six competing motivational structures.Three of these competing models achieved superior and similar fit statistics, with one model incorporating the most parsimonious structure. This model gave equal and direct salience to each of the four motivations. The second investigation examined the differences in motivation levels for tourism and recreation experiences. Tourism experiences exhibited higher levels of motivation, particularly for the personal seeking and personal escape dimensions. The third investigation found no relationship between the number of recent domestic and international vacations and tourism motivations among the subjects.Chapter I IntroductionThis dissertation seeks to explore the rationale for, and difficulties of operationalizing, the measurement of tourists satisfaction with their experiences in particular destinations. It suggests that the on-going systematic measurement of satisfaction with destinations is a valuable exercise that will have tangible benefits, but acknowledges the difficulties of doing this in a meaningful manner. The principal argument presented is that the measurement of tourists satisfaction with a particular destination involves more than simply measuring the level of satisfaction with the services delivered by individual enterprises. There needs to be a much broader, more encompassing means of measuring satisfaction, one that relates closely to the motivations which tourists have for visiting the destination in the first place.The tourism industry consists of a number of different sectors inclu ding the travel, hospitality and visitor services sector. Within each of these sectors there are a number of individual enterprises that provide a range of services to people who are traveling away from their home environment. This travel could be for a variety of reasons including for pleasure, to visit friends and relatives, to work on a short term basis, to attend conferences, to participate in business activities, or any of a number of specific reasons.While the industry distinguishes between the various groups according to their purpose for travel, convention has it that all these short-term travelers are defined as tourists Likewise, the industry distinguishes between various markets according to their place of origin (international, domestic, intra-state, interstate, etc). These distinctions are not relevant to this paper which is concerned with all these forms of tourism.Tourists visit destinations and engage in various activities while there. These destinations can be class ified in various ways and at various scales of analysis. For example, Lebanon could be regarded as a destination for international visitors while Beirut could be one for people from northern Lebanon. At a different scale, a city or even a region could be regarded as a destination. This paper is concerned with all these levels. It is not concerned with individual enterprises which exist within certain destinations. As noted below, there appears to be adequate analysis of tourism satisfaction at the individual enterprise level.What is missing is a broader view that looks at the way tourists respond to the totality of their experiences in a particular destination irrespective of the particular activities that they engage in. I am going to provide an explanation of the Lebanese tourism economy because this market is the model that this dissertation uses as the benchmark for testing Iso-Aholas motivational theory. I have chosen this country due to its reputation of being the jewel of the Middle East and one of the most desired destinations in the region. The understanding of the characteristics of this market will play a critical role in laying the foundations for the research and would allow to increase the integrity and reliability of this research.Moreover, the market is highly concentrated and the geographic area is small this aspect would play a paramount role in diminishing sources of error and in case of their occurrence it would be easier to isolate and rectify. In addition, being my home country I view studying this market as a personal passion which would allow me to present with a high motivational level. I will start by providing a review of the state of Lebanese tourism and highlight the trends, review precious research findings, and pinpoint the market characteristics.Tourism in the Lebanese EconomyOver the last decade the tourism industry has emerged as a significant sector of the Lebanese economy generating approximately $5 billion in income, employ ing 1 in 9 Lebanese and contributing about $1.5 billion in export earnings.While approximately 55% of tourism activity involves domestic travel, the fastest growing sector is in-bound travel. This has been increasing significantly over the last decade with Lebanon receiving 1.1 million visits in 2004. Despite the recent downturn in the economies of major source countries, and the unstable political landscape visitor arrivals to Lebanon are expected to grow at an average annual rate of between 5.7 and 7.8 per cent to reach between 1.4 and 1.7 million visitors in 2010.Being a relatively new industry characterized by growth, the focus has been on marketing, visitor numbers, and length of stay, expenditure patterns and other measures of consumption. As the industry has begun to mature in the last five or so years there has been an increasing interest in such things as quality of service, accreditation procedures, and measurement of client satisfaction. The issues discussed in this paper should be seen as part of this maturation process in which the industry is looking to achieve long-term sustainable growth that generates benefits for the industry, the clients and the community as a whole.Methodology of ResearchCollecting data in marketing research often involves several different strategies, such as interviewing and analyzing documents (Merriam, 1998). Using multiple sources of information is useful in our research since we have doubts that a single source of information will provide a complete and comprehensive understanding of the research problem, so in our research we use multiple sources of information. Basically, there are two forms of data primary and secondary data. While writing the dissertation, I will use several different sources when collecting data in order to increase the validity of the collected data.Secondary data is the data that has been previously collected and published. The secondary data used in the beginning of our research, originated fr om various sources. In the preparatory period, we have started by studying literature related to relationship tourism marketing, tourism buying and motivational behavior and motivational marketing concepts in order to get deeper insight into and understanding of the researched area.The other sources used for collection of our secondary data were newspaper and magazine articles, course materials, on-line sources (Internet databases) and tourism companies materials (internal and external).The methodology used for primary research will be depicted at greater length in the third chapter.Current Measurement of Tourists Satisfaction LevelsDespite the large body of literature available on satisfaction research in general, only a few academic studies have focused directly on customer satisfaction amongst tourists. Of these, an even more limited number have been undertaken in Lebanon. The major studies include Fick and Ritchie (1991), Reisinger and Waryszak (1994), Arnold and Price (1993), C rompton and Love (1995), Geva and Goldman (1991), Maddox (1985) and Ryan (1995). Because of the limited material available in the academic literature, a preliminary survey of organizations that may have investigated tourist satisfaction was undertaken.Given the broad focus of the paper and the limited space, no attempt was made to look at individual tourism enterprises measuring the satisfaction level of clients as part of their on-going quality assurance program. The most common example of this is the questionnaire that is left in individual hotel rooms. These vary from single response questions to sophisticated instruments designed to elicit quite detailed responses from guests.Most of these are diagnostic in the sense that they are aimed at identifying specific measures that can be taken to improve the service. Some specifically enquire about customers perceptions of the services value for money. In some instances, particularly amongst 5 star hotel chains, these are used for benc hmarking or as performance indicators.Because of this decision to exclude individual enterprises, the preliminary survey focused on the following organizationsAcademic departments of Lebanese universitiesState tourist officesNon-government tourist industry organizations and associationsThe search found a range of studies has been completed most of which are primarily data-gathering research exercises rather than conceptual studies. The prime studies are described in appendix I.It is clear that some work has been done in this area by a smattering of agencies each of which approaches it from a quite different perspective. Despite acknowledgement of the potential value of the data, current efforts are not coordinated resulting in a lack of comparability that makes it impossible to identify trends and monitor changes in a systematic fashion. More importantly, the diversity of approaches demonstrates a need for substantial conceptual work on the nature of tourist satisfaction in general and the measurement of tourist satisfaction with destinations in particular. What is required is further exploration into the application of concepts and ideas drawn from the broader consumer literature to the specific challenge of measuring the satisfaction of tourists with particular destinations. This may require a quite different approach to that adopted for other services.Why measure satisfaction at the level of the destination?There are a number of reasons why it would be appropriate to look at extending the measurement of tourist satisfaction to the more global level of the tourist destination. It is critical to understand the underlying motivational factors in order to be able to get a clearer barometer for the measurement of satisfaction of tourists. Without pre-empting the nature of this measurement, these reasons includeMillions of dollars are spent each year on destination marketing by national and state tourism offices, airlines and regional tourism bodies. This include s detailed surveys of potential markets as well as extensive advertising and promotional campaigns in source countries. While there is considerable research into the impact of the promotional effort through awareness studies, tracking studies, etc, these all concentrate on the inputs (i.e. has the campaign reached its target audience?). What is missing is an understanding of the clients reaction to the product offering, in particularly whether it meets the needs of the target market. This would become an integral part of the understanding what the market(s) is/are seeking.Peak organizations in the tourism industry recognize the need to encourage both new and repeat business. The latter can best be achieved by ensuring that our current offerings are satisfying the needs, expectations and desires of current tourists and their propensity to recommend the destination to others.The measure could become a barometer of the health of the industry for strategic planning purposes.The tourism industry itself is grappling with the issue of service quality and recognizes that this is the key to long term success. At present its focus is on establishing accreditation mechanisms to ensure that individual firms conform to appropriate standards. Monitoring tourists satisfaction at the more global level would provide a valuable framework for this and enable comparison between the efforts of the individual enterprise and those of the industry as a whole.Government agencies are now recognizing the value of assessing the success of their programs in terms of outcomes rather than inputs. As Lebanese government agencies move in this direction the need for the systematic collection of the type of data proposed will increase. In the case of tourism, this is particularly relevant to national, state and regional tourism development bodies responsible for destination marketing. Using the level of satisfaction experienced by visitors to their destination as a measure of success would tran sfer the focus away from the efforts of the organization towards their achievements.Governments of all persuasions are looking critically at their financial commitments and questioning whether they should continue the traditionally high level of support. If the industry can demonstrate a relationship between the level of support and the satisfaction of visitors to their destination then the argument for continued support would be strengthened greatly. This would complement other measures such as visitor numbers, expenditure, etc.With an appropriate measurement instrument it could be possible for individual sectors of the industry to be compared with other sectors. In an industry where the success of the whole depends on the contribution of each part, this information will help to identify those sectors that need to improve.Recent developments in consumer protection have extended into the area of satisfaction. The 1993 European Union Directive on Travel has required member states to implement laws giving tourists the right to obtain compensation from packaged tour operators in the event that they are dissatisfied with their holiday. This applies in all destinations, including Lebanon. The results of the proposed survey will help to focus the attention of the industry on this issue and provide data on how the industry is going and what needs to be improved.Perspectives on Measuring Tourists Satisfaction with a DestinationMeasuring tourists satisfaction with a destination is conceptually different from measuring satisfaction at the transaction specific level. Moreover, it is contended that while satisfaction at the destination level is influenced by the various transactions that occur at that destination, an individuals level of satisfaction is influenced by much broader, global factors, some of which are beyond the capacity of the tourism industry to affect. The purpose of this section is to outline some ideas that should be taken into account when developing a method to measure satisfaction at this relatively abstract level.Johnson, Anderson et al., (1995) have distinguished between two different general conceptualizations of satisfaction transaction-specific satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction. The former is concerned with satisfaction as an individual, transaction-specific measure or evaluation of a particular product or service experience (Johnson, Anderson et al. 1995).Cumulative satisfaction, on the other hand, is a cumulative, abstract construct that describes customers total consumption experience with a product or service (Johnson, Anderson et al., 1995). As a customers overall evaluation of the purchase or consumption experience, cumulative satisfaction is the most relevant conceptualization when the focus is on the tourists evaluation of their overall experience at a destination. This is sometimes referred to as market-level satisfaction.The literature suggests that satisfaction measurement must be treated differently at th ese two levels of abstraction. Moreover, when considering consumer satisfaction with their consumption experiences, a major distinction has been made between the consumption of goods and services (Lovelock, 1991).Measures of satisfaction are not the same for these different consumption experiences, largely because of the role of the consumer in the service encounter. It could also be argued that tourism is a special service in that, like recreation or education, it is largely self-produced (Williams, 1988). The individual plays a central role in determining the experiences achieved and the benefits derived.The special nature of tourism can be understood by adopting the behavioral perspective first developed within the recreation and leisure literature. This literature demonstrates the value of perceiving recreation as activity that creates experiences which, in turn, result in benefits for the individual (Driver and Tocher, 1970 Mannel and Iso-Ahola, 1987). This created a focus on t he factors which determine the quality of those experiences and the benefits derived. Measurement of satisfaction has therefore involved an assessment of whether the experiences have resulted in the desired benefits sought by the individual. In his seminal paper (Wagar 1966) suggested that the quality of recreation experience depends upon how well desired outcomes are realized.Satisfaction is therefore more a function of the needs and interests of the individual than the attributes and characteristics of the service provided. These ideas have gradually become the basis of the conceptualization of the tourist experience and informed much of the work about tourist motivations and expectations (Crompton and Love, 1995 Ryan, 1995). Therefore tourist experiences can be regarded as the result of an active endeavor by the individual to create a situation in which to achieve satisfaction. It is this active involvement of the individual in the creation of his or her personal experiences that needs to be acknowledged.In a similar vein, the early recreation literature also recognized the implications of this approach for the assessment of recreation service quality. It was recognized that the quality of the experiences can be influenced by input factors provided by managers . . . but to a considerable extent the quality of experiences depends upon choices made by recreationists and how they use the many factors of production (Brown, 1988 413). In other words, the satisfaction levels experienced by recreationists are recognized as being a function of a number of different variables including those brought by the recreationist him/herself which are beyond the influence of the service provider.Drawing on the consumer literature, it is too easy to assume that the outcomes of the tourist activity are solely the creation of the tourist operators/industry. However, it is perhaps more enlightening to adopt a transactional perspective outlined in the recreation literature. Here, the tourist actively creates the recreation(tourist) experience, through a transaction with the physical and social setting, including what the recreationist (tourist) brings to the process in terms of history, perceptions, companions, skills, equipment, identities, hopes and dreams (Williams, 1988). With this perspective, more emphasis is placed on the behavior of the individual and their role in creating the experience. Not all the responsibility for creating high levels of satisfaction rests with the service deliverer.With this in mind, (Crompton and Love, 1995) make a distinction between quality of opportunity and quality of experience.Quality of opportunity is defined as qualities of the attributes of a service that are under the control of a supplier. Evaluation is concerned with judgments about the performance of the leisure opportunity supplier. . . . In contrast, quality of experience involves not only the attributes provided by a supplier, but also attributes brought to th e opportunity by the visitor or recreationist. . Quality of experience is a psychological outcome or emotional response. . Satisfaction is measured by how well leisure activities are perceived to fulfill the basic needs and motives that stimulated the idea to participate in the activity (Crompton and Love, 199512).When the objective is to measure satisfaction with a holiday in a particular destination, it will be important to note this distinction and ensure that both aspects are included in the assessment. We have been reasonably good at assessing tourists perceptions of the quality of opportunity but largely ignored the question of quality of experience.A further perspective that could be of relevance here is that of Herzberg (1966). While his work mainly focused on the workplace, his theory of motivation has relevance to the expenditure of discretionary time such as going on a holiday. Herzberg (1966) suggests that all aspects of an experience can be classified as either a motiva tional or a hygienic factor. Motivational factors are those that positively encourage people to do something. For example, a desire to make new friends may motivate people to go on an organized tour rather than travel alone. On the other hand, hygienic factors are those things which would not encourage one to travel, but their absence would discourage such travel.A good example is the availability of clean drinking water. Having this available is unlikely to motivate someone to travel, while its absence could cause someone to not choose a particular destination. According to Roger James Associates (1996) the absence of motivational factors does not lead to dissatisfaction but rather to unsatisfaction a sense of emptiness rather than a sense of anger or disappointment. On the other hand, the absence of a hygienic factor will lead to dissatisfaction. The presence of such a factor will not lead to satisfaction but rather to satisficing, that is, a passive (albeit benign) feeling (Roge r James Associates, 1996 34).If we adopt this framework it could be suggested that we have tended to focus on the hygienic factors which are represented by the measurement of how well the services (hotels, airports, travel companies, etc) are provided. These are important because without these being done well, the customer would be very dissatisfied. However, we have not also measured the motivational factors. These are akin to the experience factors how well the destination facilitates the satisfaction of personal needs. The best way of ensuring that we are providing this is to understand the clients needs, etc and to develop product that is relevant to these. In turn, this is linked to the benefits to be derived from the experience thus creating satisfaction.The work by Arnold and Price (1993) confirms the role that needs and desires play in the consumers evaluation of a particular experience. They present very clear evidence that the satisfaction of participants in this recrea tional (or possibly tourist?) activity is related to the extent to which the experience enhances their individual cultural script and are interpreted within the broader narrative context of the consumers life (Arnould and Price, 1993). They suggest that satisfaction with river rafting . . . does not seem to be embodied in attributes of the experience such as amounts of time spent freezing in wet clothes, uncomfortable toilet facilities, bad food or any summary index of specific attributes of the trip (Arnould and Price, 1993).These general thoughts appear to be in line with the fundamentals of the marketing concept most commonly described as satisfying the needs and desires of the consumer (Keith, 1960 38) and the whole notion of benefit segmentation which suggests that purchases are selected on the basis of the benefits derived by consumers (Haley, 1968). It is also consistent with the recent work of Spreng and his associates which emphasizes the role that desires, as opposed to ex pectations, plays in determining satisfaction within the disconfirmation framework (Spreng, Mackenzie et al., 1996).Proposed PathSpace does not permit an exhaustive examination of the extensive literature outlining the various models used as the basis for measuring customer satisfaction and gauging the behavioral aspects (see Parasuraman, Zeithaml et al., 1994). However, a review of this literature has uncovered a model that could be developed to provide a satisfactory method of evaluating tourists satisfaction at the level of the destination and their motivational map. This model has been developed by Iso-Ahola and has become the basis of extensive work at the national and international level.The index provided by the Iso-Ahola model provides a cumulative evaluation of a sectors market offering coupled with individual evaluation of a specific transaction. Called the Customer Satisfaction Index/Barometer, it has been introduced in Sweden, Germany and the United States of America (Fo rnell, Johnson et al, 1996). Taiwan and New Zealand are also in the process of introducing a similar national satisfaction indicator. While much work still needs to be done, the framework provided by Iso-Ahola model provides a good starting point. It should be possible to make the necessary changes required to produce a useful index that will contribute to the on-going development of this important industry.Chapter IILiterature ReviewIt is imperative to start with a review of literature that addressed motivation in the travel and tourism industry. By adopting this approach we will be able to present a much more comprehensive and inclusive approach to understanding the theories of motivation in the travel and tourism industry and thus, we will be able to lay the foundations of clear parameters that can help scholars and decision makers measure the satisfaction of tourists and the underlying motivational factors. This part of the paper is dedicated to reviewing the literature that cur rently assesses the main theories of motivation. These theories span across a wide spectrum therefore we will tackle the various theories of travel motivation in the first part and then we will focus our discussions on Iso-Aholas motivational theory.The main theories of travel motivationKnowledge of peoples travel motivations and its association with destination selection plays a critical role in predicting future travel patterns. The essay talks about the various theories propounded by the theorists and analyses their practical benefits for the tourism industry.Tourist motivation can be defined as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behavior and experience. (Pearce, Morrison Rutledge, 1998) as cited by Allan R. Rhodes Espinoza. According to Seaton (1997) motivation is a state of arousal of a drive or need which impels people to activity in pursuit of goals. Once the goals have been achieved the need su bsides and the individual returns to the equilibrium-but only briefly because new motives arise as the last one is satisfied.Krippendorf (1987), as cited in Seaton (1997) suggests that the motivation of the individual person to travel, to look outside for what he cannot find inside have been largely created by society and shaped by everyday life. People who live in cities, for example, are motivated to travel as tourists to wilderness areas because they need to escape from an artificial, monotonous environment. (Dann Matley, 1976) as cited in Mansfeld 1992). Grays travel-motivation theory, as noted by Mansfeld (1992), gives us two motives about why people go to natural settings. The first motive is the desire to go from a known to an unknown place, called in Grays theory wanderlust.Secondly, a place which can provide the traveler with specific facilities that do not exist in his or her own place of residence, referred in Grays theory as sun lust (Mansfeld, 1992). It is a common pra ctice to consider traveler or tourist types as potential market segments for travel and tourism marketing (Smith, 1989 as cited in Theobald, 1996).Some of the motives which determine their travel choices are recreation, pleasure, new experiences, cultural interest, shopping.Any reader of literature of tourism motivation cannot help being struck by the similarity in findings by many researchers. The adjectives and categorizations of tourists based upon motivations may differ in number, but recurrent themes emerge. For example the need to escape from everyday surroundings for the purpose of relaxation, and discovering new things, places and people are often alluded to.According to Crompton (1979), as cited in Bello Etzel (1985), the need for relaxation, exploration, social interaction and enhancement of kinship relationships act as dominant push motives in the vacation decision. Reversely, pull motives are aroused by the destination and include factors like scenic attractions, histor ical sites. Push factors are thought to establish the desire for travel and pull factors are thought to explain actual destination choice. Seaton (1997) suggests that the push factors include avoidance of work, cultural/social pressures at home. The pull factors include seeking leisure /play, freedom and escape.Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types tension-reducing motives arousal-seeking motives. According to Maslow, there are five needs forming a hierarchy, progressing from the lower to the higher needs. Maslow argued that if the lower needs physiological hunger, thirst, rest, safety security, belonging and love affection, giving and receiving love are fulfilled the individual would be motivated by needs of the next level of the hierarchy esteem self-esteem and esteem for others, self-actualization personal self-fulfillment.Cooper et al(2005) criticizes Maslows theory saying that why and how Maslow selected the basic five needs remain unclear, although Page(2003) feels t hat it has relevance in understanding how human action is understandable and predictable compared to research which argues that human behavior is essentially irrational and unpredictable. Cooper et al (2005) also questions the arrangement of the needs. Though Cooper et al (2005) criticizes much about Maslows theory, he feels that tourism industry has borrowed a lot from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labeled.Hudman (1980) as cited in Davidson and Maitland (1997) argue that Maslows (1943) hierarchy of needs provides a useful framework for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. Thus, for example, although the apparent purpose of a trip may be to visit friends and relatives, the underlying psychological motivation may be a need for belonging