Great Expectations By Charles Dickens - 1834 Words

A boy works on the field, tirelessly for five hours as the sun showers its heat and bright light upon his face, causing streams of sweat to roll down his face, making him seem as tired as he could ever be. Suddenly, a bright and colorful carriage approaches the corn field, and inside it, a woman whose power and wealth surprasses that of the farmer. As he walks towards the carriage with pride, the lady, who you would expect to be sincere, instead kicks him the chest, and insults the man’s status and poor lifestyle. Many would expect that creating equality among all is as easy as making a pie, but even if it can be achieved, one obstacle stands in the way of that future: social injustice. Through Dickens’ work of literature, Great Expectations, it delivers us the message of how one person can change another’s view on themselves and the ones they love. As Great Expectations opens, Pip is hardly aware of his social and educational condition, but as he becomes exposed to Estella, his consciousness becomes more astute and he desires self-improvement. Since social injustice is invisible to many individuals, Charles Dickens makes the invisible visible to his readers, by incorporating the literary device of characterization. Estella, daughter of Miss Havisham, is not as compassionate and sincere one would expect from a noblewoman, and instead, she is the opposite. Fueled by cruelty and hatred, Estella’s characterizations exemplifies the shallow upper class, and how her opinions onShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Bmw s Corporate Social Responsibility - 1234 Words

BMW is one of the most reputable companies of the world. The company has acquired this position without compromising its ethical practices and commitments to contribute in social and environmental causes. BMW has a commendable record in the area of corporate social responsibility (CSR). BMW is committed to its CSR responsibilities, and the same is reflected in BMW’s CSR activities and programs. BMW has introduced a variety of activities and programs in order to fulfil its commitment towards corporate social responsibility (Dill, 2014). At BMW sustainability is regarded as positive contribution towards financial success of the organization. Sustainable development involves the betterment of all internal and external stakeholders, and ensures success of the company. Sustainable development is the foundation of BMW’s corporate social responsibilities.The compnay also believes that awareness about CSR is also very important in order to implement all CSR programs efficiently and yielding desired results. They understand their responsibilities toward employees, customers, investors, business partners, society, and environment. The BMW Group runs different programs for the welfare of its stakeholders (Thauer, 2014). Under the â€Å"Today for Tomorrow† program, BMW runs various activities to promote welfare of its employees. Major elements of the program includes mixed workload, ergonomic design, capacity optimized rotation, qualification health equitable work, and focus onShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Bmw s Top 50 Socially Responsible Company1710 Words   |  7 PagesSummary BMW is a leading company in the transportation and logistic industry. This report provides an analysis and evaluation of BMW Group s stakeholders, social responsibility activities and programs, ethics as well as their approach to globalization and sustainability. Based on our findings we have determined that BMW s position on Maclean s Top 50 Socially Responsible Company is justified as the analysis on our research affirms that BMW has taken initiative to implement corporate social responsibilityRead MoreBmw : The World s Most Successful And Sustainable Premium Provider Of Individual Mobility1536 Words   |  7 PagesBMW is a leader in the automotive industry when it comes to CSR management. BMW’s vision statement says â€Å"The BMW Group is the world’s most successful and sustainable premium provider of individual mobility† (Sustainable Value Report, 2015, p. 9). BMW has a long, established history of consistently improving their social responsibility policie s and processes. In fact, BMW was the first automobile manufacturer to appoint and environmental officer (McElhaney, Toffel, and Hill, 2004, p. 104). As aRead MoreThe Test of Time: BMWs Ethical Dilemmas Over History Essays1540 Words   |  7 PagesThis Research paper reports on the ethics of BMW through its history starting from 1916 to present time of 2013. It shows the progression of BMW’s ethical dilemmas of having prisoners of war and concentration camp workers, allegation of bribery, to its racial discrimination. And the changes that where implemented that led them to be on Ethisphere Institutes top 100 list of the Worlds Most Ethical Companies for 2009. Such changes such as new management, changing conduct codes, improving environmentalRead MoreCsr Critical Essay1949 Words   |  8 PagesAn Examination on Social Performance of BMW AG Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as performances of businesses in completing good practices and standards to accomplish positive and sustainable results towards business, environment and society (CSR Singapore Compact 2005). Implementation of corporate social responsibility concept within the businesses means the businesses will always try their best to give positive outcomes to the society, which give satisfaction to the people andRead MoreWhat is Corporate Responsibility Essay2045 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is CSR? CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility indicates the actions or conducts that have strategic importance to companies. CSR has been defined as a company’s efforts or obligations in reducing and getting rid of any detrimental effects on the community and maximizing long-term beneficial effects to the company and community in which it operates (Mohr et al, 2001, cited Trendafilova et al, 2013). CSR usually starts with the general emphasis that businesse s are not only responsible to generateRead MoreFriedmans View On Corporate Social Responsibility1775 Words   |  8 PagesView on Corporate Social Responsibility The answer to the questions of Why does a business exist? and What purposes does/should it serve within society? are not agreed upon by all. The concept that companies having social obligations beyond their economic benefit is controversial (Chandler Werther Jr., 2014). This paper will briefly examine the viewpoint of the well-known economist, Milton Friedman, whose assertions have been very influential in the debate surrounding corporate social responsibilityRead MoreSituational Analysis of Bmw Mini Essay2427 Words   |  10 Pagesunits sold in 2001. The market for premium products is clearly growing faster than the total market, particularly in the small car market. Many customers will not compromise safety, quality, driving characteristics, and individualism (BMW Group, 2003). Though BMW currently caters to the premium automotive market, other high-end competitors such as Mercedes also have products positioned to capture the entry market. This paper will provide a situatio nal analysis of BMWs newest product endeavor, theRead MoreBmw Five Forces5073 Words   |  21 PagesTable of contents BMW: case study analysis Q1: Business environment and main trends in 2004 The global car market started decline in 2003, led by market falls in North America and Western Europe. Other regions of the world led by East Asia are seeing further car market expansion in 2003. In 2004, projections for livelier economic growth underpin the resumption of car market growth in Western Europe and North America. (Langley 2004, p691-711) Although the more stringent laws can eat away atRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1304 Words   |  6 Pagesof loyalty to personalized, mobile-friendly, shopping experience.Those considerations are certainly important. But apart from those, one thing may built good reputation for companies is that use profit to do good things in the world. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is about a question of how does good business make a better society in future. CSR is not just about charity it refers to a business practice that involves participating in initiatives that benefit society). The main purpose of CSRRead MoreAnalysis of Mini5409 Words   |  22 Pagesseller when the customer considers the MINI products and its value.(McCartie, 2011) Current situation analysis SWOT Analysis (Guide to Management Ideas, 2003) p218 states that â€Å"SWOT is handy mnemonic to help planners think about corporate strategy. It stands for strength, weakness, opportunities and threats†. As follow the SWOT analysis of MINI will be shown: |Strengths |Weaknesses

Walking Henry David Thoreau Essay Example For Students

Walking Henry David Thoreau Essay Why was Henry David Thoreau such a wonderful writer? He had many great qualities, but the most important were his devotion to nature and writing, his desire for independence, and his experiences he encountered throughout his life. Henry David Thoreau looked to nature as the basis of life and writing. He believed that nature is the reflection of inner spiritual reality. He spent his life in search of the essentials of reality and of experiences that would bring him close to these essentials. #9;He lived in a hut for two years at Walden Pond to rid his body of inessential things. During Thoreaus stay, he completed his first book titled, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers(1849). Here, he also filled his journals with materials for his most famous piece, Walden. After he left the hut, and after college, he became a literary apprentice by writing essays and poems and by helping edit the transcendentalist journal, The Dial. When success did not come, Thoreau remained dedicated to his program of education through intimacy with nature, and also through writing that would express this experience. It was his life in nature that was his great theme. ;#9;In order for Thoreau to write so much on nature he had to be familiar with it. His knowledge of the woods and fields, of the rivers, the ponds, and swamps, of every plant and animal was outstanding. Emerson even stated, His power of observation seemed to indicate additional senses. Thoureau wrote a book titled Walden(1854) in which the theme of it was the relationship to the order and beauty of nature in the human mind. This book consists of records of Thoreaus stay at Walden Pond. Thoreaus love and devotion to nature and his writing was a key to his excellence in writing. Henry David Thoreau also felt that individualism was a great necessity to his writing style. In his piece of literature titled Civil Disobedience, he expressed his belief in the power and the obligation of the individual to determine right from wrong, independent of the dictates of society. Thoreaus friends agreed with his views, but few practiced it in their own lives as consistently as he. #9;Thoreau demonstrated his idea of independence in many ways. He worked for pay intermittently, he made relationships with many of the towns outcasts, he never married, he signed off from the First Parish Church rather than be taxed automatically to support it every year, and he lived alone in the woods for two years, in seclusion. His nearest neighbor was at least a mile away. While he was living independently in the woods, he thought of many new ideas for his literature. Thoreau even tried to encourage others to assert their individuality, each in his or her own way. He also believed that independent, well-considered actions arose naturally from a questing attitude of mind. #9;He was first and foremost an explorer, of both the world around him and the world within him. In his most popular piece ever, Walden, he stated this: Be a Columbus to whole new continents and worlds within you, opening new channels, not of trade, but of thought,(Walden, p. 321). Also, Thoreaus celebration of solitude was a natural outgrowth of his commitment to the idea of individual action. This following idea also brought up a point in Walden. The man who goes alone can start today; but he who travels with another must wait till that other is ready,(Walden, pg.72) Many of Thoreaus ideas of individualism can be found as major statements in his writing. Thoreau came to much of his great literature due to the amount of experiences he had throughout his life. #9;His major experience was living at Walden Pond for two years and learning about his own life and about the wonders of nature. .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 , .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .postImageUrl , .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 , .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03:hover , .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03:visited , .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03:active { border:0!important; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03:active , .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03 .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb64ea0c4b6bc710a91503934629ef03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adam Smith1 Essay Thoreau even stated himself, I learned this, at least, from experience. Here, he was talking about how he got all the information for his book Walden totally from experiences. Although Walden was only moderately successful in Thoreaus lifetime, his experiment in the wilderness did spark interest in young people. The book inspired people to follow his example and go to a lonely spot

Rewards or Punishment Essay Example

Rewards or Punishment Essay Rewards or Punishment Children learn most of their behaviors by associating them with consequences. If a young child wants something form their parents they usually cry to get it and sometimes the parent will give in and give the child what he or she is crying for. I am against this because this is rewarding the child for their bad behavior. Why give the child a pleasurable experience for misbehaving. The child will continue to misbehave because the end result is basically commended. Children need consequences that will correct the bad behavior. Spanking the child for crying is ineffective because it does not teach in alternative behavior; instead it leaves most children feeling angry, humiliated, and helpless. Punishment is not as effective as rewards even though both gets the job done; punishment can lead to poor esteem because the child sense of self gets battered in the mist of discipline; for example as a child whenever I acted up in school my mother would punish me by spanking me in the classroom so that all of my classmates could witness it. I acted up less because of the embarrassment but it made me think that I was unworthy of any respect from anyone. Punishment is always a very unpleasant experience and should be avoided. Gershoff (2002) argues that despite the fact that physical punishment may stop bad conduct at specific instances, it does not help children ethically internalize right from wrong; its only a way to satisfy oneself by the means of a quick fix. We will write a custom essay sample on Rewards or Punishment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rewards or Punishment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rewards or Punishment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gershoff also found that the use of corporal punishment was found to increase aggressive behavior in children, more than ever in children aged 10 to 12, and amplify delinquent and rebellious behaviors in children as well as decrease their mental health well into adulthood. Children in today’s generation do not fear being punished; therefore punishment is not effective in disciplining kids of nowadays. There are several students at River City Science Academy that are given after school detention for bad conduct; the tudents know that if they don’t attend the will get out of school suspension; yet students still don’t show up, they just are not afraid of the consequences. It is an nonconstructive, practice to force students to conduct themselves in an involuntary manner by using intimidation or any type of force to discipline or punish students. Teachers and parents sometimes believe that it is crucial to make a child suffer in order to strengthen their authority. Rewards are more successful when trying to get a child to cooperate. According to Skinner B. F. 1970); positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in changing behavior. He maintained that punishment was not simply the opposite of positive reinforcement; positive reinforcement (such as chocolate) results in long-term behavioral modification, whereas punishment only temporarily changes behavior and presents many damaging side effects. The reality is that students learn so much better when they sense that they are respected and not being controlled. There should be a realization that punishment is a very ineffective in trying to get any child to behave appropriately. The fact is that the more teachers and parents use punishment to control children the less authority they have over them. Children do not need to be forced to behave if there is a good reward system in place. According to Herzberg (1959); the factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but respect for me as a person is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. References http://www. helium. com http://en. wikipedia. org http://webulite. com

Thegn - Anglo-Saxon Thegn or Thane

Thegn - Anglo-Saxon Thegn or Thane In Anglo-Saxon England, a thegn was a lord who held his land directly from the king in return for military service in time of war. Thegns could earn their titles and lands or inherit them. Initially, the thegn ranked below all other Anglo-Saxon nobility; however, with the proliferation of thegns came a subdivision of the class. There were kings thegns, who held certain privileges and answered only to the king, and inferior thegns that served other thegns or bishops. By a law of Ethelred II, the 12 senior thegns of any given hundred acted as a judicial committee that determined whether or not a suspect should be officially accused of a crime. This was evidently a very early precursor to the modern grand jury. The power of thegns declined after the Norman Conquest ​when lords of the new regime took control of most lands in England. The term ​thane persisted in Scotland until the 1400s in reference to a hereditary tenant of the crown who did not serve in the military. Alternate Spellings: thane Example: King Ethylgrihn called on his thegns to help defend against a Viking invasion.

Definition and Examples of Nominalization in Grammar

Definition and Examples of Nominalization in Grammar In English grammar, nominalization is a type of word formation in which a verb or an adjective (or another part  of speech) is used as (or transformed into) a noun. The verb form is nominalize. It is also called nouning. In transformational grammar, nominalization refers to the derivation of a noun phrase from an underlying clause. In this sense, an example of nominalization is the destruction of the city, where the noun destruction corresponds to the main verb of a clause and the city to its object (Geoffrey Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar,  2006). Examples and Observations English is truly impressive . . . in the way it lets you construct nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns; blogger and blogosphere are examples. All you have to do is add one of an assortment of suffixes: -acy (democracy), -age (patronage), -al (refusal), -ama (panorama), -ana (Americana), -ance (variance), -ant (deodorant), -dom (freedom), -edge (knowledge), -ee (lessee), -eer (engineer), -er (painter), -ery (slavery), -ese (Lebanese), -ess (laundress), -ette (launderette), -fest (lovefest), -ful (basketful), -hood (motherhood), -iac (maniac), -ian (Italian), -ie or -y (foodie, smoothy), -ion (tension, operation), -ism (progressivism), -ist (idealist), -ite (Israelite), -itude (decripitude), -ity (stupidity), -ium (tedium), -let (leaflet), -ling (earthling), -man or -woman (Frenchman), -mania (Beatlemania), -ment (government), -ness (happiness), -o (weirdo), -or (vendor), -ship (stewardship), -th (length), and -tude (gratitude). . . . At the present moment, everybody seems to be going a bit nuts with noun creation. Journalists and bloggers seem to believe that a sign of being ironic and hip is to coin nouns with such suffixes as -fest (Google baconfest and behold what you find), -athon, -head (Deadhead, Parrothead, gearhead), -oid, -orama, and -palooza. (Ben Yagoda, When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway, 2007) Nominalization in Scientific and Technical Writing The forces which operate to encourage nominalization are understandable. Dealing continually in concepts, scientific and technical writers tend to isolate activities such as experimenting, measuring, and analysing as abstract conceptual units in their minds. They are also pushed towards passive constructions, both by tradition and by their own desire to step aside and allow their work to speak for itself. These forces produce characteristic constructions such as: A similar experiment was carried out using the material . . .Sigma preparation was carried out as described . . . So common has carried out become as a general purpose verb that it is a recognized marker of scientific reporting, and television news bulletins commonly adopt the construction when reporting scientific work. . . .Once recognized, nominalization is easy to correct. Whenever you see general-purpose verbs such as carry out, perform, undertake, or conduct look for the word which names the action. Turning the name of the activity back into a verb (preferably active) will undo the nominalization, and make the sentence more direct and easier to read.(Christopher Turk and Alfred John Kirkman, Effective Writing: Improving Scientific, Technical, and Business Communication, 2nd ed. Chapman Hall, 1989) The Dark Side of Nominalization It’s not just that nominalization can sap the vitality of one’s speech or prose; it can also eliminate context and mask any sense of agency. Furthermore, it can make something that is nebulous or fuzzy seem stable, mechanical and precisely defined. . . .Nominalizations give priority to actions rather than to the people responsible for them. Sometimes this is apt, perhaps because we don’t know who is responsible or because responsibility isn’t relevant. But often they conceal power relationships and reduce our sense of what’s truly involved in a transaction. As such, they are an instrument of manipulation, in politics and in business. They emphasize products and results, rather than the processes by which products and results are achieved. (Henry Hitchings, The Dark Side of Verbs-as-Nouns. The New York Times, April 5, 2013) Types of Nominalization Nominalization types differ according to the level of organization at which the nominalization takes place (see also Langacker 1991). . . . [T]hree types of nominalizations can be distinguished: nominalizations at the level of the word (e.g. teacher, Sams washing of the windows), nominalizations which nominalize a structure that lies in between a verb and a full clause (e.g. Sams washing the windows) and, finally, nominalizations consisting of full clauses (e.g. that Sam washed the windows). The latter two types deviate from the normal rank scale of units in that they represent nominals or phrases which consist of clausal or clause-like structures. They have therefore been regarded as problematic, and it has even be claimed that that-structures are not nominalizations (e.g., Dik 1997; McGregor 1997). (Liesbet Heyvaert, A Cognitive-Functional Approach to Nominalization in English. Mouton de Gruyter, 2003) Nominalizations properly refer to third-order entities, e.g. Cooking involves irreversible chemical changes, in which cooking refers to the process as a generic type, abstracted from a particular token instance at a specific time. A second kind of nominalization involves reference to second-order entities. Here reference is to particular countable tokens of processes, e.g. The cooking took five hours. The third kind of nominalization has been called improper (Vendler 1968). This refers to first-order entities, things with physical substance and often extended in space, e.g. I like Johns cooking, which refers to the food which results from the cooking, (the RESULT OF ACTION AS ACTION metonymy). (Andrew Goatly, Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. John Benjamins, 2007)

Queer Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Queer Theory - Essay Example In fact, it is not only the physical manifestation of gay spaces that impacts the overall makeup of an urban location, but more importantly, the people and their culture which leaves the indelible mark on in the cityscapes of leading countries. This paper is important because it seeks to identify and understand the factors and forces which contributed to the formation and establishment of gay urban spaces. This paper is important because it takes into consideration the historical experience of gays and the gay community, and the social transformations which influenced the growth of gay urban areas. This paper intends to identify the social and economic reasons which contributed to the existence of gay urban spaces. It aims to identify the factors which led gay individuals to organize themselves and create distinctive territories. The paper will also identify the criteria by which gays and lesbians choose locations where they establish gay spaces. The paper also explores gay space itself, its definition, its elements, its relationship to the larger urban area, the reasons why they are mostly located in urban instead of rural regions, and the urban elements which make gay spaces thrive. Gays and lesbians have always been treated badly by most communities. They have been ostracized by family and friends, and even persecuted by the communities where they live. The hostilities they experienced often lead them to take on low profile lifestyles. They hope that this would not attract attention, that they would be left alone and thus prevent hostile behavior towards from happening. In Asia, gays and lesbians who community experience hostility turn to the gay scene for help. These serve as support groups which help gay individuals come out. They also provide environments in which specific problems of sectors within the gay community are addressed. Being gay